Natural Language Generation
Abstract
Natural language generation is a relatively new field in computer science. The two main questions to be solved are "what to say" and "how to say it." What to say includes answering questions not specifically asked by the user, and remembering previous statements made by the user and by the program itself. How to say it involves construction of logical sentences, use of pronouns, and sentence fragments. When speech synthesis is used, it also involves producing intelligible word rhythm, emphasis, and pauses. A new, exciting extension of speech synthesis is the inclusion of "emotion" in speech.
User:
ELIZA:
Men are all alike
In what way?
They’re always bugging us about something or other
Can you think of a specific example?
Well, my boyfriend made me come here.
Your boyfriend made you come here.
He says I’m depressed much of the time.
I am sorry to hear you are depressed.
It’s true, I am unhappy.
Do you think coming here will help you not be unhappy?
I need some help; that much seems certain.
What would it mean to you if you got some help?
Perhaps I could get along with my mother.
Tell me more about your family.
My mother takes care of me.
Who else in your family takes care of you?
My father.
Your father.
You are like my father in some ways.
What resemblance do you see?
Natural language generation is the generation of printed text as well as synthesized speech. The transcript above is from a system that generates "psychoanalytic" responses to user input. This system is called ELIZA, and was developed at MIT in the 1960s. The program illustrates some of the issues of natur...
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...gories such as pitch, voice speed, loudness, and pause length. She wrote a program that output these changes based on the emotion that it was asked to portray. Sample output from this program can be found online. When "emotion" can be output regularly in speech synthesis, a new breed of natural language applications will begin!
Natural language generation is a young and exciting subject. There is still much research to be done to find the best way of representing a grammar, and providing a program capable of remembering previous statements, interpreting user input, speaking in sentences and sentence fragments, and providing a "natural" conversation. Even newer is the possibility of adding "emotional flavor" to synthesized speech. The windows that are opened by these studies present such a vast landscape of new applications that it is impossible to imagine them all.
Particularly, you can analyze that this quote contains a strong voice that can be portrayed as descriptive. She uses a handful of adjectives that foreshadow the character’s personalities.
She uses sentence structure along with what kind of mood she’s in. The long sentences are when she be getting mad, or trying to make a serious point. The shorter, choppier sentences are when she be ising the most sarcastic.
Style has been an integral component in the field of linguistics. Linguistic style refers to a person’s speaking pattern, which can include different features such as pace, pitch, intonation, syntactic patterns, etc. Styles of speech is learned, and is often influenced by location, gender, ethnicity, and age. As different cultures and sub-cultures arise, linguistic variations occur and different sociolinguistic styles come into being. Each style can index social meanings such as group membership, personal attributes or beliefs.
In order to understand linguistic intelligence it is important to understand the mechanisms that control speech and language. These mechanisms can be broken down into four major groups: speech generation (talking), speech comprehension (hearing), writing generation (writing), and writing comprehension (reading).
Speech Synthesis is the process of synthesizing speech from some sort of symbolic linguistic representation. Text to speech synthesis systems can be divided into two broad categories. They are:
In everyday life, we live in a world of words. There is no way to live without using any word for all day long. Throughout the day, we use words to say “Good morning!” to greet our family in the morning, to have a conversation with friends during the day, to deal with customers at work or even to play with a smartphone before
No struggle or problem, however, would badger my thirst for knowledge, my yearn for improvement. I never failed to rehearse my English while walking to school, whether it was a phrase I heard the day before, or if it was big words I heard on television. At home I'd watch the news, a fan, point blank in my face, as I wipe off each dribble of sweat—we didn't have an air conditioner. Still, I studied how the reporters would speak in a rhythmic, unbroken professional English that stirred me to yearn for such articulation of the English language. I wanted to speak to others, I wanted a connection, a way to communicate with everyone around me—I felt like an
Neuro Linguistic Programming NLP was developed by Richard Bandler and John Grinder from studying three leading therapists, Milton Erickson, Virginia Satir and Fritz Perls. Since then it has become a leading toll in business management, sales, education, training, personal coaching and sports as well as therapy and many other areas.
new environment. We need to give him some time until he becomes familiar with his
The language used portrays the characters thoughts and emotions for example she goes into great detail about her surroundings (her life) and the events which had taken place there .She talks about her environment as if she is closely connected with the associations to which she describes.
NLP comprises three essential elements neuro, linguistic, and programming. Neuro consists of the nervous system through which an experience is received and processed through the five senses. “The importance of neuro lies in listening, observing, and identifying the language pattern of people, and in the normal course, responds in the same manner in line with the principle of mirroring” (Tripathi, 2012). Linguistic consists of language and non-verbal communication approaches which neural interpretations are implied, structured, and given sense. “The eyebrows, the lips, the shoulders, the hands, the legs, fingers all form an integrated team in conveying messages like feeling, response, and even our intentions” (Tripathi, 2012). Therefore, unknowingly one’s body language can expose one’s unconscious thoughts. Programming consists wit...
• how each character’s speech is fully developed: each speech has the three "E"s of paragraph organization and development: Exposition, Examples, and Explanation. To illustrate these components, in the paragraph below I've placed the exposition (claim and stated reason and background) in blue, the examples in green, the explanation in purple, and the concluding statement in orange. Note: While Jeanne offers one extended example and explanation in this paragraph, I would encourage you to have at least two examples for each stated reason.
The other part of computational linguistics is called applied computational linguistics which focuses on the practical outcome of modeling human language use. The methods, techniques, tools, and applications in this area are often subsumed under the term language engineering or (human language technology. The current computational linguistic systems are far from achieving human ability of communicating they have numerous applications. The goal for this is to eventually have a computer program that will have the same communication skills as a human being. Once this is achieved it will open doors never thought possible in computing. After all the major problem today with computing is communication with the computer. Today’s computers don’t really understand our language and it is very difficult to learn computer language, plus computer language doesn’t correspond to the structure of human thought.
Jurafsky, D. & Martin, J. H. (2009), Speech and Language Processing: International Version: an Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, 2nd ed, Pearson Education Inc, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Next, we shall evaluate the key features of language which are; communicative, arbitrary, structured, generative, and dynamic. Communicative, language can allow one to interact with another. According to Willingham (2007), the bond found with the elements in language and what they mean is arbitrary. The way language is set up shows how the symbols are not arbitrary. The set up language shows precisely how intricate it can be. Generative, one is able to build countless number of meanings from words. Dynamic, language never stays the same, therefore it can be known as sporadic. According to Willingham (2007), changes are being made all the time as new words get added and as the ways of grammar change. These elements can be quite critical when it comes to language.