Natural Indicators
Each year millions of tourists travel to the woods of New England, upstate New York, Wisconsin, and Canada to witness the appearance of brilliant autumn colors. Sugar maples, red oaks, sumac, birch and other trees and shrubs turn from green to bright red, orange, and yellow. The short, cool days of autumn bring an end to the production of chlorophyll (the green light-gathering pigment). As chlorophyll gradually breaks down, the colors of the more stable carotenoid (yellow/orange) and anthocyanin (red/blue/purple) pigments become visible. Some years the leaves of a particular species are bright yellow, while other years they may appear redder or even purple. Although no one can accurately predict the timing or coloration of each year's show, we do know that there is a chemical basis for it.
Anthocyanins (Figure I) are responsible not only for the red and purplish colors of autumn, but also for similar colors in various summer leaves (red cabbage, red lettuce, red plum tree), flowers (roses, hydrangeas, geraniums, bachelor buttons, dark pansies), fruit (cherries, red apples, grapes, tomato, blackberry, blueberry, plum), roots (beets, radishes), bulbs (red onions), and petioles (rhubarb). Anthocyanins are water-soluble and are dissolved in the cell sap rather than bound to the membranes as chlorophyll is. If cell sap in a leaf is very acidic, then anthocyanins make the leaves a bright red color, but if it is less acidic the color may appear purple.
The color of anthocyanin depends on acidity, and thus it may serve as a pH (acid/base) indicator (Figure II). pH is a quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of solutions. Numerically, the pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration. If the pH is less than 7 the solution is acidic, if it is greater than 7 the solution is basic, and if it is 7 the solution is neutral. The higher the pH, the more basic the solution, and the lower the pH, the more acidic the solution. Figure II illustrates the relationship between color and pH for anthocyanin pigments extracted from red cabbage or other sources.
Since anthocyanins are found in all of the above named organic materials, they are all very useful natural indicators. Natural indicators are better for detecting acids and bases than man made indicators. This experiment utilizes red cabbage juice, red onion juice, blueberry juice, phenolphthalein, bromythol blue, and universal indicator for the indicators and for the acids and bases, uses .
The purpose of the Unknown White Compound Lab was to identify the unknown compound by performing several experiments. Conducting a solubility test, flame test, pH paper test, ion test, pH probe test, conductivity probe test, and synthesizing the compound will accurately identified the unknown compound. In order to narrow down the possible compounds, the solubility test was used to determine that the compound was soluble in water. Next, the flame test was used to compare the unknown compound to other known compounds such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium carbonate. The flame test concluded that the cation in the unknown compound was potassium. Following, pH paper was used to determine the compound to be neutral and slightly
As the number of children being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) continues to rise, the question of a proper education within the least restrictive environment is of high priority amongst parents and teachers alike. While the spectrum encompasses a wide range of autism disorders, the individual needs of these students – both high functioning and low functioning – determines the proper educational placement and related services provided. In order to address the specific needs of higher functioning students on the autism spectrum, the NYC Department of Education has developed an inclusion program to “…help children with autism spectrum disorders learn how to function well academically, behaviorally, and socially in school and in their community.” (NYU Steinhardt, 2014) In a collaborative effort between New York University, the New York City Department of Education, and Hunter College, the ASD Nest Program was designed to address the growing number of student’s with higher functioning autism attending New York City public schools.
Done correctly, mainstreaming does not mean simply placing the child into a classroom of regular students and expecting him to succeed on his own. Instead, it takes extra help to integrate autistic children into a mainstreamed environment because the others in the classroom are more socially motivated, whereas the child is more instinctively and structurally motivated (Siegel 226). With the help and constant support of special aids within the classroom, a child with autistic disorders has a better chance of succeeding because they are around children who will encourage proper behavior and social skills.
Some sources of error in my experiment can be found mainly in my research of the tropical trees. In the tropical zone and temperate zone, most trees were too tall to reach and examine their leaves. Furthermore, it was hard to get the entire tree within our pictures. Therefore, this caused little information about the large trees in the tropical zone, giving our information less variation. This error was also implemented throughout all the zones. Another source of error was with the light shining upon the leaves. During our experimentation, there were moments in time where the sun was hidden and the sun was shining brightly. Therefore, possibly affecting the color of our leaf color. The sunlight may cause our leaf to look lighter than they possibly are. This could cause false information to compare the leaf colors for each biome.
The high rate of absorbance change in blue light in the chloroplast samples (Figure 1) can be attributed to its short wavelength that provides a high potential energy. A high rate of absorbance change is also observed in red light in the chloroplast samples (Figure 1), which can be accredited to the reaction centre’s preference for a wavelength of 680nm and 700nm – both of which fall within the red light range (Halliwell, 1984). Green light showed low rates of photosynthetic activity and difference in change in absorbance at 605nm in the chloroplast samples (Figure 1) as it is only weakly absorbed by pigments, and is mostly reflected. The percentage of absorption of blue or red light by plant leaves is about 90%, in comparison to the 70–80% absorbance in green light (Terashima et al, 2009). Yet despite the high absorbance and photosynthetic activity of blue light, hypocotyl elongation was suppressed and biomass production was induced (Johkan et al, 2012), which is caused by the absorption of blue light by the accessory pigments that do not transfer the absorbed energy efficiently to the chlorophyll, instead direction some of the energy to other pathways. On the other hand, all of the red light is absorbed by chlorophyll and used efficiently, thus inducing hypocotyl elongation and the expansion in leaf area (Johkan et al, 2012).
When I dropped iodine to the leaf where I split off from the plant which had waited in red light, its color changed into blue. However, when I dropped iodine to the leaf where I split off from the plant which had waited in green light, its color stayed the same. It is because the plant waited in red light could make more photosynthesis than the other one, so it has more glucose and an iodine solution makes substance’s color blue if it has starch. It is used to test the presence of starch.
Photosynthesis is the conversion of sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into sugar. The better the growing conditions the better the sugar production. The most ideal conditions are a large crown of leaves, a sunny summer and fall, and a late frost. " The run itself is improved by four conditions: a severe winter that freezes the roots, snow cover that keeps the roots cold in the spring, extreme variations in temperature from day to night that are typical to mountain climates, and good exposure to the sun." (Pg. 383). The results are a thin sap that has a harsh flavor, best found in the northeastern states.
Microbial pigments have antioxidant activity because of their biological functions.and these pigments are Carotenoid ,naphthaquinone,and Violacein.
The purpose of this lab was to extract chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments from fresh spinach leaves and separate and analyze these pigments using column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Acetone was used as a polar solvent to dissolve the more polar pigments first (Xanthophylls, chlorophylls), while hexane was used as a nonpolar solvent to dissolve the more nonpolar pigments such as the carotenes. In addition to being used as the polar solvent, acetone was used to remove the spinach components that were not pigments such as cellulose which is insoluble. The column chromatography worked by eluting the nonpolar carotene pigments first because the alumina is polar and doesn’t absorb the nonpolar carotene. The polar components such
Special education is evolving, evolving in form and substance. Education of the special needs population in the United States lacks uniformity of purpose and deed. In many school districts within the United States, special education creates a financial burden that subjugates the traditional programs (Higbee, Katz, & Shultz, 2010). The lack of consistency to approach and positive results has created academic chaos for methods and strategies in working with the special needs population. The difficulty in educating special needs children to develop their academic and social skills has created many strategies for supposed benefit, and in fairness, some work for some children. Too many instances exist where not all children benefit (p. 8). The problem is developing a strategy and curriculum that provides for the needs of all children whether they are involved in an inclusive, mainstreaming, or self-contained classroom. This is particularly significant with a particular segment of the special needs population, Asperger’s autism. Asperger’s autism is a controversial diagnosis, a diagnosis that creates a schism of psychiatric thought. Some psychiatrists classify this as a pervasive developmental disorder, while other psychiatrists see this as a form of personality disorder that has many traits associated with schizophrenia (Odom, Buysee, & Soukakou, 2011). The Asperger’s child lacks emotional development normally associated with their age group. An example that illustrates the emotional development issue concerns age appropriate demonstrations of concern or awareness in their environment. Many of the Asperger’s children are not able to tell whether someone is making fun of them and will join in making fun of themselves as unsuspecting ...
In the recent years, there has been an increase with the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007), 1 in 150 children are said to be autistic and according to many states ASD is seen as an epidemic. The problem with these numbers is how to teach these children affectively in the best academic environment. In 2005-2006 it was reported that 31% of autistic students were placed in general education classrooms and around 40% in separate classes, typically referred as autistic support classrooms (U.S. Department of Education, 2007). Characteristically, the student will be placed in an autistic support (AS) room because the general education room is not the least restricted environment for that child.
The number of children that display autistic traits keeps rising and the need for services is at an all-time high. Out of 10,000 children born, 60 to 100 children and families will be affected by autistic spectrum disorder (Gulberg, 2010). Autism is characterized by a lack of connection to other people, even parents, and an avoidance of interpersonal situations (Feldman, 2011). Children with autism also show limited, repetitive and stereotypical patterns of behavior, interest, and activities. Not one child with autism is the same as the next; each child has their own severity and indicators of autism. A child with intellectual disabilities and a gifted child can both be given the diagnosis of being on the autism spectrum, because of the wide range of severities. Many of these children will not attend special schools, but instead be included in the general education population by inclusion. Inclusion has been found to have a number of benefits for children with autism. In addition, negative perspectives have also come into play when discussing autism and inclusion. Furthermore, parents have the right to make decisions for their child on an individual basis.
Having worked in an Autism program first hand I can tell you these people are doing everything they can to help these kids into functioning members of society. Though some will need to be assisted their entire lives some can lead semi-normal lives. In these classrooms these programs not only focus on learning the fundamentals like all children in school (english, math, science, etc..) they also teach social skills and activities, they teach the kids things like proper etiquette in public places, safety on the phone, all the things that that isn 't 'common sense ' to them because of their disability. They work hard to help the students who are more high functioning to integrate into normal classrooms and the children who are more so low functioning to be able to do the basics and beyond for themselves. These programs are continually developing and reshaping to best fit the needs of their
A child with disabilities is presented with two options when beginning school. The first is called integration, or to be incorporated into a classroom of students without disabilities, and the second option is to be isolated into a classroom with students working with disabilities. Even though each option is said to have its positive and negative sides, a recent study conducted by Donna Kam Pun Wong, a professor and social worker, proves that integration hurts children, rather than helps them socially (Wong 3). Many parents of autistic children voiced their apprehension concerning inclusion, and the social effects it had on their children. The parents felt it made their children feel self-conscious because of the extra attention they required from the teacher, noticeably thieving the teach...
Four solutions were tested an out of the four only one had a color change, meaning that it had alcohol present. This solution was methanol and of course it would produce a color change because methanol is an alcohol. One solution that should have changed color was solution 4, the base-hydrolyzed aspartame, but it did not produce a color change when aqueous ceric ammonium nitrate reagent. Water and fresh aqueous aspartame are not going to produce a color change because there is no alcohol group in there structure.