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Native American Relations
During the numerous years of colonization, the relationship between the English settlers and the Native Americans of the area was usually the same. Native Americans would initially consider the settlers to be allies, then as time passed, they would be engaged in wars with them in a struggle for control of the land. This process of friendship to enemies seemed to be the basic pattern in the majority of the colonies.
When the English landed in Jamestown in 1607, the dominant tribe of the area was the Powhatan (which the English settlers named after the leader of the tribe, Powhatan). At first meeting, the Powhatan considered the settlers as allies, who may be able to aid them in their struggle for land and power over the other tribes in the area. These relations strained when starving settlers started to take food from the Native Americans. In 1610, any notion of alliance between the Powhatan and the Virginia settlers was immediately crushed when Lord De La Warr arrived with a declaration of war against all Indians in the Jamestown area. De La Warr used his "Irish Tactics" of burning houses and crops and taking prisoners to destroy the Native Americans in what was known as the First Anglo-Powhatan war. A peace treaty was signed, but lasted only eight years. The Powhatan killed 347 settlers, which lead to the Virginia Company to give orders for "a perpetual war without peace or truce." Although the Powhatan made one more attempt at destroying the Virginians, they were defeated again in the Second Anglo-Powhatan war. The peace treaty of 1646 eliminated all chance of the Powhatan coexisting with the Virginia settlers. The treaty also banished the Indians from their native lands, which lay the president for what was later known as a reservation. After this the number of Native Americans in Virginia dwindled to a low 10% of the population.
In Carolina, the relationship between the settlers and the Native Americans started strongly as the Savannah Indians aided the settlers in their search of slaves for their plantations. They used the Manacled Indians as a major slave export, although it was greatly opposed by The Lords Proprietors in London. But in 1707 the Savannah Indians ended the alliance. They planed migrated to Maryland and Pennsylvania, which had better relationships between the Native Americans, but the Carolinas didn't like this idea so they attacked the Savannah Indians in a series of bloody raids and left the Native Americans practically completely come.
The terms of the Treaty included the acknowledgement of Indian tribes’ asking for forgiveness and the English dominating Indian trade and commerce. There were other terms that included the English being able to use Indian land for recreational use and any “remedy or redress” (Calloway 174) being brought to justice based on English laws. Overall, the terms and language used in the treaty is used to place blame of past hostilities on the Indians. The English completely twisted the language in the treaty to favor the English and shows the Indian people as rebellious savages that were begging for forgiveness for King George and the English.
While the early neurological model of language broke away from the ideas of phrenology and offered a new framework for neuropsychological research, it had numerous shortcomings. It was not able to account for the fact that people with Broca’s aphasia (also known as non-fluent, expressive or agrammatic aphasia) had a variety of ostensibly diverse impairments or that some people with focal Broca’s area damage did not show agrammatic aphasia (Bookheimer, 2002).
Beginning in the 1860s and lasting until the late 1780s, government policy towards Native Americans was aggressive and expressed zero tolerance for their presence in the West. In the last 1850s, tribal leaders and Americans were briefly able to compromise on living situations and land arrangements. Noncompliance by Americans, however, resumed conflict. The beginning of what would be called the "Indian Wars" started in Minnesota in 1862. Sioux, angered by the loss of much of their land, killed 5 white Americans. What resulted was over 1,000 deaths, of white and Native Americans. From that point on, American policy was to force Indians off of their land. American troops would force Indian tribe leaders to accept treaties taking their land from them. Protests or resistance by the Indians would result in fighting. On occasion, military troops would even lash out against peaceful Indians. Their aggression became out of control.
In colonial times, the English settlers faced several issues with the Indians that inhabited the land before the English landed to establish colonies. Among these issues were communication and maintaining peace. This is proven through two distinctive Indian cultures. One of them led by Powhatan and the other led by Metacom. By comparing the two tribes, it will be clear that throughout the 17th century, Indian and English relationships differed because of the treatment of the Indians by the English and the communication between the two parties.
aphasia. Aphasia is either a brain injury or disease that causes an impairment of language.
...(2010). External Barriers to Help-Seeking Encountered by Canadian Gay and Lesbian Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse: An Application of the Barriers Model. Violence and Victims, Vol. 25(4), 536-552.
These include, but are not limited to, Aphasia Diagnostic Profile, Boston Diagnostic, Boston Naming Test, Philadelphia Naming Test, and Western Aphasia Battery. The Aphasia Diagnostic Profile assesses verbal fluency, writing, elicited gestures, and repetition. The Boston Diagnostic is primarily used with persons with aphasia who are non-fluent and have more comprehension deficits. The Boston Naming Test and the Philadelphia Naming Test assess naming abilities in persons with aphasia. The most comprehensive assessment is the Western Aphasia Battery. The Western Aphasia Battery assesses linguistic skills that are most frequently affected by aphasia, in addition to non-linguistic skills. There are three versions of this assessment: the bedside form (15 minutes to administer), the full battery (30-45 minutes to administer), and the reading, writing, construction, Praxis (45-60 minutes to administer). The reading and writing component is essential in the assessment of persons with aphasia, primarily because the severity of reading and writing abilities does not necessarily coincide with the severity of verbal expressive language. During the assessment persons with aphasia are able to touch and gesture with the provided item, which stimulates the right side of the brain and could help them recall the item name. It is a vital component of this assessment because persons with aphasia have more success naming objects than they do pictures. This assessment also provides the administrator with the aphasia quotient, language quotient, and cortical
Each section was organized and written in a way that the readers would be able to understand. The authors explained the previous research that had been conducted on individuals with aphasia, and this showed the readers that the authors had a well-documented, concise review of literature. A strength of this study was the exclusion criteria of the participants. This included drug or alcohol abuse, psychiatric illnesses, and other neurological illnesses. If the participants had any one of these three criteria, this could have negatively affected the outcomes of the
Aphasia is “impairment due to localized brain injury that affects understanding, retrieving and formulating meaningful and sequential elements of language” (p.165). There are two main categories of aphasia known as fluent and nonfluent. Fluent aphasia is characterized by “word substations, neologisms, and often verbose verbal output. Lesions in fluent aphasia tend to be found in the posterior portions of the left hemisphere.” (p.166) One of the most common types of fluent aphasias is Wernicke’s Aphasia. This is a short clip of Byron Peterson a stroke survivor who has acquired Wernicke’s Aphasia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oef68YabD0
What if everyday in America there was not an action someone could take because someone of an opposite race sexually assaulted or domestically abused that person? Often news outlets only focus on major even in cities or towns, but never the reservations. With the lack of awareness of the number of rapes and domestic abuse victims on reservations, at large society is saying America doesn’t care due to reservations having sovereignty. Even with new laws signed into place by President Obama to deal with the rape and abuse problems to Native American women, that come from non Native Americans, the problem with this is it’s a pilot only on three tribes (Culp-Ressler,1).It is said it will expand soon, but how soon? America is not known for being speedy on American Indian issues. The numbers of people abuse and/or rape are not only put out there by non- Native American men, but by Native American men as well. Even with the amount of domestic abuse cases and sexual assault cases reported in the Native American, several never report what has happened to them. The statistics are too high, victims often silenced, and the law to put in place to protect them from others has only been put in place in three tribes because of the fear of the tribes abusing the powers.
Wernicke's aphasia is a disorder that affects a person's language and their ability to communicate meaningful messages. There are three types of aphasias: fluent aphasia, non-fluent aphasia, and global aphasia. Wernicke's aphasia is considered a fluent aphasia, in which the person affected is capable of speaking in long sentences but the words spoken do not make any sense. These individuals do not realize that their words do not make sense when communicating and others are unable to understand what they are saying. Wernicke's aphasia occurs when there is damage to the language network in the brain which is located in the middle portion
The English defeated the Native Americans during the war as the English burned their homes and towns. The Native Americans were outmatched by the English sophisticated techniques and superior weaponry. This shows just of the ways the English took advantage of the Indians. After the torture and violently attacking the Native Americans the English made a peace treaty with the Native Americans. In Document E, in 1677 a Governoe sought to protect the Native Americans. The governor stated that the Native Americans had treated him better than his own people in the
The expansion of the British empire influenced the liberties of Native American (Indians) by moving the Indians and settling on their land. The English traded supplies with the native folks, and Indians frequently journeyed across colonial villages. Fur traders on the borders of the colony occasionally married Indian women, partly as a way of acquiring entry to native communities and the tribe links, which were vital to economic contacts. Most English pioneers stayed stubbornly isolated from their Indian neighbors. As the settlers procured military advantage over the Indians, the revenues of commerce generally went to colonial and European merchants. Increasing connections with Europeans stirred rivalry among Indian clans, and the overhunting
It helped inform me on how to identify acquired childhood aphasia and how to treat it. My client is Michelle Elizabeth Tanner a 9 year, 4 month old Caucasian female. She resides with her father Daniel Tanner, two older sisters, an uncle, and a family friend. MT’s birth was normal with no complications and has developed overall good health. There are no previous family history of any speech or hearing impediments. MT is in the third grade and attends Trautmann elementary school. Her primary language is English. Michelle suffered a traumatic brain injury on March 28th after she fell off from riding her horse. MT was taken to Doctors hospital and had a loss of conscious. She couldn’t recognize who her family was and what had happened to her. Within an hour she began to gain conscious. After a week or normal recovery she began to exhibit problems when she would name objects. MT’s father said that she would hesitate when speaking and she would try to name objects but instead would name a different object. MT showed signs of circumlocution. She would have difficulty in trying to put a word to a desired object. She would also repeat words and sentences over and over. MT’s father noticed that she stopped talking because she had trouble expressing herself. She would stay in her room and avoid conversations. MT’s dad took her back to the
Two… ah doctors…, and ah… thirty minutes… and yes… ah hospital. And, er Wednesday… nine o’clock. And er Thursday, ten o’clock… doctors” (Goodglass, 1976). This speech pattern is effortful with pauses, an absence of functional words, false starts with only a few phrases are repeated smoothly. Despite the difficulty following complex grammatical statements, the patient retains their functional comprehension. Language function in Broca’s aphasia has a far higher chance of recovery compared to other aphasia