Native American Pain The phenomenon occurring in the article “Exploring Pain Processing Differences in Native Americans” written by Shreela Palit, Kara L. Kerr, Bethany L. Kuhn, Ellen L. Terry, Jennifer L. DelVentura, Emily J. Bartley, Joanna O. Shadlow, and Jamie L. Rhudy of The University of Tulsa, is that of pain tolerance and threshold between individuals of the Native American descent and white non-Hispanic descent. Pain is a feeling that can cause a reflex in the body which can help with the protection of the body sometimes in the form of moving a limb after the initial stimulus. The initial stimulus of pain that is inflicted to the individual can take many forms, some of which are a stab, cut, or blow to an area of the body, this process …show more content…
(e.g., Rhudy, Williams, McCabe, Nguyen, & Rambo, 2005; Terry et al., 2011). For the Ischema Pain Test the individuals were to exercise their hand with 50% of their maximum grip for a total time of 2 minutes. Next, blood was drained from the arm by elevating it above their shoulder for 15 seconds. Then, a blood pressure cuff was placed around the forearm and inflated in order to obstruct blood flow to their hand. The Ischema test is measured in the amount of time for the individual to achieve a 50 or greater on the NRS. To test the NFR the researchers used 3 diodes placed on the participant’s sural nerve to provide electrical impulses directly to the sural nerve. These impulses went in a ladder pattern that ascended and descended in order to give the individual the stimulation of pain. The stimulus was given at 8-12 second intervals and the participants were asked to translate their pain to the NRS for every section of the test. Each time the power of the electrical shock is increased by 1 mA (milliAmp) and an EMG on the bicep was recorded the whole time. For the Electrical Pain Assessment a single shock was induced to each participant and every time it was increased by 2 mA until they reached 100 on the NRS. The researchers did not exceed 50 mA during this test as to not cause …show more content…
In the tests Native Americans were shown to have a higher pain tolerance compared to the White non-Hispanics. In the testing, one of the Native American individuals actually exceeded the boundaries of the test meaning the participant was able to withstand up to 50 mA of electrical shock without exceeding his pain threshold, this individual was ruled out in further testing because they were unable to stay within in the margins of the later tests. The Native Americans had higher pain tolerances compared to the White non-Hispanics in all of the testing with the exception of the Suprathreshold test. This means the testing concluded that Native Americans have a higher pain tolerance than that of the White non-Hispanics. (Palit, S., Kerr, K. L., Kuhn, B. L., Terry, E. L., DelVentura, J. L., Bartley, E. J., & Rhudy, J. L.
Each person will respond differently to the pain experience. Therefore, the individual’s attitudes, personal experiences and knowledge are also antecedents to the concept of pain. For instance, a person that has been exposed to severe pain knows the
suffering the Native Americans are plagued with as a result of the lack of acceptance towards
From the time when the Europeans first met the Native Americans, to the time after the American Revolution, the Native Americans had to endure inhumane pain and suffering. According to my resources, the original population of Native Americans was over 10 million during the 15th century. Surely over millions of people should be able to defend themselves from outside invaders. However, that wasn’t possible for them. By 1900, only 300,000 of the population remain. Around the time the Natives encountered the Europeans, they suffered from diseases and bloodshed. Later on they were forced by the Spaniards to convert a new religion, Christianity.
Therefore, Mexican Americans typically take a passive role with regard to treatment options. For example, Mexican Americans seldom voice problems with pain while in the hospital due to a high value being placed on stoicism. Consequently, studies show that they receive inadequate analgesia more often than any other population. Life-sustaining measures may also be requested by family members if there is any hope that the ill loved one will survive. However, Mexican Americans believe that th...
There is a general consensus of what physical pain is amongst society. Pain is never good. It is something that hurts and no one ever wants to actually be in pain. In infants and toddlers, pain is associated with cries, tears, and the word “ouch!” As they grow into adults, pain and all of its expressions follow and branch out with them. Its dimensions multiply and what used to hurt as toddlers, no longer does. At the same time, they begin to experience new physical pains – pains, which create such an unimaginable physical suffering. Today, pain remains as an unpleasant feeling that causes physical suffering; however, it can be seen and interpreted from many different vantage points. One perspective is the personal standpoint, where many people have trouble describing the feeling of enduring pain or the physicality of it. Another viewpoint is the neurobiological viewpoint, where neurologists have readily created three separate types of pain and explications for each.
Native Americans have undergone a horrific past of genocide, discrimination, forced acculturation, miscommunication, and misunderstanding. They were frequently dehumanized and stripped of basic human rights. Treated as “savages” they were herded into areas of confinement and robbed of their language, culture, and way of life. In many instances of genocide, experts have noted a type of historical trauma that may be passed down through families, known as generational trauma. While the potential effects of this concept are not proven, the stories, images, and memories of thousands of Native Americans continue to be shared with their children, thus perpetuating, and never forgetting the pain and embarrassment that their people have experienced.
The ischaemic pain was produced in the participants’ non-dominant arm by using a sphygmomanometer cuff, which was inflated and maintained at 200 mmHg. The subject squeezed a handheld force measuring device, maintaining a constant force of 10 kg (females) or 20 kg (males) for 3 seconds. This was repeated at 10-second intervals
Many people believe that Native Americans are a disadvantaged group of individuals in many ways. Culturally, in that many of the cultures of the various tribes across the Americas were taken from them by Europeans and their descendants. Socially, in that they are unlike other minorities in the United States because of their extra-constitutional status; and even medically, stemming from the general belief that Natives are at a higher risk for disease than other ethnicities due to tobacco and alcohol use, especially when used together (Falk, Hiller-Sturmhöfel, & Yi, 2006).
There is little empirical data available to show prevalence among larger samples or across Native American cultures. Additionally, there is no measurement of causation or how environmental factors influence the transference of historical trauma from one generation to the next. A better understanding of the epigenetic transference of historical trauma and how the current environment that triggers the mental and physical health disparities Native Americans experience will contribute to explain
Measuring Pain 1. 1. Sensory - intensity, duration, threshold, tolerance, location, etc 2. 2. Neurophysiological - brainwave activity, heart rate, etc 3. 3. Emotional and motivational - anxiety, anger, depression, resentment, etc 4.
due to a reduction of the natural pain-killers that exist in the body of non-
Contrary to popular belief, discrimination of Native Americans in America still widely exist in the 21st century! So you may ask, why? Well, to answer that one question, I will give you 3 of the countless reasons why this unfortunate group of people are punished so harshly for little good reason. So now, let’s get into it, shall we!
This lab we demonstrated the body’s reaction to stimulation and the actions on the nervous system. The knee jerk reflex is a spinal reflex activated by tapping the patellar tendon below the knee. This reflex is important when trying to figure out the damage to the spinal cord or the nerves. In this activity, we used an EKG sensor to measure the relative strength of the impulse generated by a stimulus with and without reinforcement.
Nurses must embrace this vital fact, in order to deliver patients with culturally adequate pain management. Nurses must also be conscious of the cultural patterns, for example, principles, morals, and behaviors that influence and guides their own and their patients' responses to pain. Moreover, it’s imperative not to stereotype patients by assuming that patient’s will adhere to a certain culture's typical pain patterns. Rather than trying to forge the pain philosophies and practices of particular ethnic groups, a nurse should consider the various ways in which culture influences how patients respond to and referred
pain focuses in on only a few of the subtler nuances of pain that are