3. When discussing nationalism in the Arab world, scholars have distinguished between pan-Arabism (qawmiyya) and nation-state nationalism (wataniya). Define the two forms of nationalism, explain the differences between them and their place in modern Middle Eastern history.
Pan-Arabism refers to the aspiration to form a single Arabian super state/an Arab nation (umma arabiyya); the ideology calls for the uniting of all Arab states to form a powerful political union to protect the interests of the Arabs. The main principle of the ideology is the notion that the inhabitants of the Arab world stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Suez Canal are citizens of one nation united by common linguistic, cultural, religious and historical tradition. The key objective of the ideology is to end the influence of the Western powers on the Arab world that has watered down the strength of the Arabs as well as overthrowing Arab government that has been supporting and are dependent upon Western countries. The Pan-Arabism ideology became famous with the weakening and defeat of the Ottoman Empire. Nonetheless, its prominence has considerably gone down in the past four decades after the Arab armies were defeated by Israel in the Six-Day War. The ideology was founded by Michael Iflaq; supporters of Pan-Arabism included Jamal Abdel Nasser (former Egypt leader), Libyan late leader Muammar Gaddafi, Arab Socialist Baath Party and Arab Nationalist Movement. Nasser was the most vocal Pan-Arab supporter who even employed his military and political power to extend the philosophy across the Arab world.
The philosophy of pan-Arabism developed as early as 1860s when intellectuals in Levant and Egypt within the Ottoman Empire developed a sense of loyalty to th...
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...here they influence policy making. The Russian government holds a different view about the Middle East and this has led to distrust between the western powers including the United States and Russia. China, which has invested heavily in the region, has expressed dissatisfaction with the western powers perception of the Easterners that is not based on concrete facts. Indeed, the Cold War was fueled by the ideological differences of the Soviet Union and the Western powers particularly on the Gulf War. While the west supported the war to safeguard their interests in the Middle East, the Soviet Union opposed it arguing that the West had breached the international protocol regarding relationship among countries. The American government current foreign policy is aimed at bringing peace to the Middle East; since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, peace has evaded the region.
1. The three components of the American System were establishing a new protective tariff, starting a new transportation system and restoring the national bank. Henry Clay thought that each of these components would strengthen and unify the nation because he thought the American system would unite the nation’s economic resources because the south would grow food and raise animals that the north would eat and in return the south would by the manufactured goods the north made. A new transportation system would allow trade between the north and the south. Now America could finally become independent economically. And the tariff would help because during the War of 1812 British merchants brought a great deal of products to the United States and sold them at much lower prices than American made goods, so the tariff would raise the prices of the British goods so the American merchants could sell their products at a lower price.
“Nationalism(n.) - loyalty or devotion to a nation, especially an attitude, feeling, or belief characterize by a sense of national consciousness” (The War of 1812 and the Rise of Nationalism 1). Nationalism was a crucial part of America’s success during the War of 1812; nationalism was reflected in the post-war period through increased national pride, emphasis on national issues, increase in power and scope of the national government, and a growing sense of American identity (The War of 1812 and the Rise of Nationalism 1). The first to arise which was the driving force behind American victories against the British was nationalism. This nationalism was expressed in four ways; patriotism, political, economical and cultural. American patriotism
There are three types of nationalism movements; for example, unification, separation, and state-building. The first nationalism movement is known as the unification. The unification is when the mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands, they were building new nations. Nationalism destroyed all empire, and in the process created new nations. A couple of examples of unification being used in the world would be during the 19th century in Italy, and the 19th century in
Strategy also played a major role in the European conquest of the Middle East through imperialism. Two areas that Europe paid particular attention to were the Suez Canal and Palestine.
World War I, also known as “The Great War”, was a global war that revolved mainly around Europe. It took place from 1914 to 1918. This was a very brutal war that caused many casualties. The soldiers who survived experienced severe trauma and mental discomfort. This trauma was a direct result of the violence and agony they experienced during the war. Motivation for this war was the idea of nationalism and the pride in one’s country. This war was the cause of disillusionment among many of the soldiers that were involved in it.
Hassan, Nafaa. "ARAB NATIONALISM: A RESPONSE TO AJAMI'S THESIS ON THE "END OF PAN-ARABISM." Journal of Arab Affairs 2.2 (1983): n. pag. ProQuest. Web. 21 Feb. 2014.
Nationalism has a long history although most scholarly research on Nationalism only began in the mid-twentieth century. Some scholars point to the French Revolution of 1789 as the birth of Nationalism. The French Revolution is seen...
Nationalism at its core is the support of a country. The goal of a country is to have some sort of resonance within the individuals that reside there that call themselves citizens. If the citizens don’t feel any connection with their country, they may move to find one that they feel closer too. Once found, they may support the country over others, defend it within conversations of politics or just find groups that have the same ideals they do about the country. This papers purpose is to illustrate the pros of nationalism as well as its cons.
Joyce, James. “Araby.” The Norton Introduction to Literature, Shorter Eighth Edition. Eds. Jerome Beaty, Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, and Kelly J. Mays. New York: W.W.Norton.
Nationalism has played a crucial role in world history over the past centuries. It continues to do so today. For many, nationalism is indelibly associated with some of the worst aspects of modern history, such as the destructive confidence of the Napoleon’s army and the murderous pride of Nazi Germany. Large numbers of people, descent in their hearts, have carried out unbelievable atrocities for no better reason than their nation required them to. Authoritarian and totalitarian regime have crushed dissent, eliminated opposition, and trampled on civil liberties in the name of the nation.
The Islamic tradition, as reflected in Naguib Mahfouz’s Zaabalawi, has over the course of history had an incredible impact on Arab culture. In Mahfouz’s time, Islamic practices combined with their political relevance proved a source of both great power and woe in Middle Eastern countries. As alluded to in Zaabalawi, Mahfouz asserts the fact that not all Muslims attain religious fulfillment through this common tradition, and other methods outside the scope of Islam may be necessary in true spiritual understanding.
Nationalism is the idea that a people who have much in common, such as language, culture and geographic proximity ought to organize in such a way that it creates a stable and enduring state. Nationalism is tied to patriotism, and it is the driving force behind the identity of a culture. Nationalism had many effects in Europe from 1815, The Congress of Vienna and beyond. In the following essay I will describe many of the consequences of nationalism on European identity, as well as some of the conflicts that it created.
Joyce, James. "Araby." 1914. Literature and Ourselves. Henderson, Gloria, ed. Boston, Longman Press. 2009. 984-988.
The Arab world consists of twenty-two countries encompassing all of North Africa and much of the Middle East. The Arab people number over 360 million and while they share a common language, there is a surprising degree of diversity among them, whether in terms of nationality, culture, religion, economics, or politics. (McCaffrey, 3) Most inhabitants of the Ar...
Does nationalism have a relationship with the causes of the wars between 1792 and 1914? This can be disputed through the events of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, the unification struggles of Germany and Italy in the late 1800’s, the Alliance systems of the late 1800’s and the assassination of the Austrian archduke before the outbreak of World War 1.