Nanotechnology Essay

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1. Introduction
1.1 Nanoelectronics
Nanoelectronics indicate the application of nanotechnology in electronic modules. In simple words it can be stated as defining an electron at the nanoscale. A thin film is a layer of material whose thickness ranges from nanometer to several micrometers. Thin films have more importance than thick films due to its interface and surface effects. Semiconductor devices and optical coatings are the major fields that are benefited from the thin film construction. Several other applications of thin film materials are photoconductors, solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, solar selective coatings, large area arrays fabrication, narrow band filters, thin film batteries, polarizers, sensors, photothermal solar coatings, photoconductors, IR detectors, satellite temperature control, antireflection coatings, interference items, waveguide coatings etc.
Metal oxide thin films have higher significance in nanoelectronics due to their extraordinary chemical sensing properties. The preparation of a chemical sensing element is classified into two categories. One is physical method and the other is chemical method. In physical method, the substrate is kept stationary and the film material has been moved from a target material to the substrate either in the form of vapour or an impact process with some form of external energy. Vacuum evaporation falls under this category. Whereas chemical film fabrication involves the chemical reaction of precursors occurs either at the surface of the substrate or at its proximity. Chemical method is further classified into vapour phase and liquid phase technique. Chemical vapour deposition technique comes under vapour phase technique and electrodeposition, chemical bath deposition...

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...e an automated system in laboratory scale using stepper motor and NI USB 6212 Data Acquisition (DAQ) board in LabVIEW platform.
1.4 Automated SILAR system:
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1.5 Metal oxide sensor - Biomarker:
The electrical conductivity of the metal oxide sensor varies with respect to the quantity of the gas/vapour surrounding them. Depending on its sensing nature, a sensor could be able to detect a particular gas/vapour effectively. This property can be utilised in medical diagnosis to serve as an electronic nose. If the sensor is able to detect the biologically significant gas which comes along with the patient’s exhaled breath, then it can employ as a biomarker to detect diseases in a non invasive way. The physician has been communicated through email if the sensed values are found to be abnormal.

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