Nanophotonics is the study of the effects of light at the nano-scale. This course on nanophotonics coupled with my previous courses on nanoscale circuit fabrication has taught me a great deal about the nano-scale and nano-electronics. Described in this paper are the uses of several nanophotonic principles which allow us to make and measure in scales never before possible. The first topic, plasmonics, is a physical phenomenon that allows us to measure small changes in thicknesses and also to see well below the diffraction limiting optical restrictions. The implications of this technology are incredible in the fields of biomedical science, nanoengineering, and microscopy. The second topic of this paper, Microscopy, covers two methods of advanced microscopy that allow us to see much smaller than the optical limits allow.
Plasmonics
In optics, if a beam of light hits a boundary at a certain critical angle, all the light will be reflected back. In classical physics none of the light crosses the boundary, but is instead reflected back perfectly. If the light is viewed as a potential wave, however, the probability of the particle's location decays inside the second material. This means there is a chance the photon exists within the restricted area, but it does not propagate there. The distance that the decaying, or evanescent, wave travels into the second medium is determined by the change in refractive index at the boundary. The evanescent wave will be changed if it interacts with a particle after crossing the boundary. This change in the wave can be observed by a change in the amount of light reflected back on the side of the first material.
Extending this idea from photons into electrons, we can create a field of plasma osc...
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...esonant frequency so that it is only periodically in contact with the material. This allows for a physical feedback of the height of the object but avoids scraping the tip across the material. The final method of imaging with the AFM is non-contact mode. This method is performed by oscillating the cantilever above its resonate frequency so that is is vibrating with an amplitude of 1-10nm. When placed near the surface of an object, the attractive van der Waals forces affect the probe's oscillations. This data is extrapolated and the location of the object is determined. The information is then fed back into the AFM so that the probe can be adjusted to maintain a constant, non-contact distance from the object. The most difficult problem with this method is that moisture between the object and the tip can create unwanted forces and bonds that produce erroneous results.
UV-254 nm, 15 V, 60 Hz, 0.16 A). Masses were taken on a Mettler AE 100. Rotary
Nagaoka rejected Thomson's model on the ground that opposite charges are impenetrable. He proposed an alternative model in which a positively charged center...
When a wave travelling through a material hits a boundary with another material it is affected by the boundary and some of it will be reflected back. How much is reflected back depends on the acoustic impedance of the materials at the boundary.
Electron microscope is a powerful tool that enables the study of particles in nanometer range.
Once these waves have reached an organ or other internal body structure, they are sent back to the probe. This is where they are analyzed and translated back into the computer. By using the speed of sound, the computer is able to calculate the distance, size, shape, and density of the organ (Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts). The numerous two dimensional images are able to be combined, thus creating a more detailed, three dimensional image (Jeandron). This technology is analogous to that portrayed by the navigation system of submarines and sonar bats (Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts).
19. Novoselov, Kostya S., et al. "Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films." science 306.5696 (2004): 666-669.
Matter is energy (Fernflores 1). The fact that electron-positron interactions can either produce photons or...
Throughout different experiments, scientists have discovered that light behaves as both a wave and a particle in different circumstances. The only way that all of the properties of light can be explained is through the idea of a wave-particle duality.
The main purpose of green nanotechnology has been to develop clean technologies that would minimize potential human and environmental health risk. Also, to encourage replacement of existing products with the clean technologies that is more environmentally friendly. There are many benefits of using green nanotechnologies as the new solution for energy in both their current availability and their current development. Over the new few decades, the highest growth opportunities will come from application of nanomaterials for making better use of existing resources. Nanotechnologies will help reduce weight of carbon emission in transportation utilizing nanocomposite materials that quickly diffuses across the automotive and aerospace industries. Applications of nanotechnologies will result in a global annual savings of 8000 tons of carbon dioxide, which will rise even further to over millions tons by 2020. But, let’s focus on the positive effects of Green Nanotechnology in Solar.
American Institute of Physics. Vol. 1051 Issue 1 (2008). Academic Search Premier.> 224. http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=34874307&site=ehost-live.
Alford, Terry L., L. C. Feldman, and James W. Mayer. Fundamentals of Nanoscale Film Analysis. New York: Springer, 2007. Print.
Schultz, James. "Force Fields and 'Plasma' Shields Get Closer to Reality." Technology 25 July 2000: 20 pars. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. .
Refraction of Light Aim: To find a relationship between the angles of incidence and the angles of refraction by obtaining a set of readings for the angles of incidence and refraction as a light ray passes from air into perspex. Introduction: Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where it's speed is different. The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media. The amount of bending depends on the indices of refraction of the two media and is described quantitatively by Snell's Law. (Refer to diagram below)
The head is mounted in a “slipper” (or holder) positioned above the disk at 0.5-2.5 microns from the surface. When the disk is revolving around its axis, an air current creates a velocity gradient with the surface and air.
Refraction is a process that occurs when light travels between media of different optical density. Light travels at a speed of roughly 3.0 × 108ms-1 in a vacuum. A vacuum has a refractive index n=1.00. The speed at which the light is travelling will decrease as it moves into differently optically