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Implication of attachment theory on child development
Theory of attachment development
Studies have shown that attachment styles set in infancy impact adult relationships
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After I took the Attachment Style Test online, my attachment style fell into the first quadrant which is the Secure Attachment pattern. This attachment style tends to have low level of anxiety and low level of avoidance. So far I don 't agree with this result because it doesn 't match my personality now. According to my results of The Attachment Style test, my attachment - related anxiety score is 3.61, on a scale ranging from 1 to 7 and my attachment - related score is 3.47 which is also on a scale ranging from 1 to 7. As I can see, I got a perfect space to fit into the secure attachment pattern, but in reality I don’t think it’s true about me. I said that because the children who used to have Secure Attachment as they grow up, they’re more I believe my adult attachment is linked to my childhood style attachment because it is similar to each other at least seventy percents. Since I was a child, I prefered to play alone or I could play with others, but they had to ask me out first. The only reason was I’m afraid people would ignore me. Following those attitudes toward myself, I guess my attachment style would be one of the Insecure style- Avoidant Attachment which has high level of anxiety but low level of avoidance in both my childhood and adulthood. There are some people who live with their attachment for the whole entire lives, but some will change their attachment style depends on the changing of environment and the awareness of themselves. If a person was growing up with one of the Insecure Attachment, they might turn to be a cold- hearted person, mistrust, angry, rejecting, or bully. But as being adult and that person found someone (friend, boyfriend, girlfriend, etc. ) who understands them, tries to open out his or her soul, and makes them believe that there still has someone who loves and cares about him or her, he or she may change to a different person in a better But with my Childhood Attachment turned into my personality, it’s tough for me to change myself to be an open up person. Finally, I found him- my current boyfriend who isn’t not only my dating, but he’s also my best friend. He pushed me to the real world and help me stay away from my larva of avoidance by making me not to hide my feelings and advising me often talk to people around to create new relationships. I gradually changed, I found life was better when I connected with people. Even though it was just a small step compare with my whole life, I think my attachment will improve as long as I have enough effort and good environments. As my experience, Insecure Attachment styles aren’t permanent, everybody can change it, but it’ll be more difficult to overcome when the attachment becomes apart of personalities as people are growing older. The reason is when people used to have their attitudes for too long, they cannot escape from it immediately, but I believe time, effort, and environment are required to change someone’s attachment style from insecure to secure, or at least some positive changes like
The Strange Situation, in which infants are exposed to eight different episodes involving the mother and/or a stranger, is widely used to test attachments, although there are many different views regarding its validity and reliability. In order for the Strange Situation to be considered reliable, a child tested at different times should produce the same reaction every time; this was supported by Main, Kapland and Cassidy’s 1985 study which found that 100% of infants who had been securely attached before 18 months were still securely attached at 6 years, and 75% of those who had been anxious-avoidant remained so. One interpretation of attachment type (based on the Strange Situation) is that it is a fixed characteristic and therefore cannot be changed, but if there is a change in family circumstances this is often not the case. Attachments to mothers and fathers have been proven to be independent – Main and Weston (1981) found that children reacted differently depending on which parent they were with. This shows that the attachment types shown by the Strange Situation are based on qualities of distinct relationships as opposed to a child’s characteristics.
Throughout a person’s lifetime- infancy, childhood, and adolescence- a variety of positive and negative influences occur that may elicit change in the development of attachment. Evolutionary and psychological levels are introduced as an argument somewhat similar to the nature or nurture dilemma. In the evolutionary bias, Bowlby (1973) describes humans as being born with an “innate bias,” in the way they become attached. The second level, the psychological level, attachments are described as being more environmentally labile during their life
Strodl, E., & Noller, P. (2003). The relationship of adult attachment dimensions to depression and agoraphobia. Personal Relationships, 10(2), 171-186. doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00044
The first topic that came up in the interview relates to idea of attachment theory. Attachment theory explains the human’s way of relating to a caregiver and receives an attachment figures relating to the parent, and children. In addition, the concept explains the confidence and ability for a child to free explore their environment with a place to seek support, protection, and comfort in times of distress (Levy, Ellison, Scott, and Bernecker, 2010, p. 193). Within attachment theory explains different types of attachment styles that children experience during early childhood. These attachment styles affect the relationships they continue to build in adulthood. The best attachment style happens when the parent is attuned to the child during his or her early childhood called secure attachment (Reyes, 2010, p. 174). In order for complete secure attachment, the child needs to feel safe, seen, and soothed. Any relationship that deviates from this model represents the anxious or insecure attachment. This means that parents or caregivers are inconsistently responsive to the children. Children who have these parents are usually confused and insecure. Some children experience a dismissive attachment where they
What I took away from it is that attachment theory is the gradual gathering of the attachment relationship between a child and their caregiver over the first few years of their life- can will set the tone for the rest of their life. Whereas, temperament involves adaptions to reactivity or changes in stimulation and self-regulation- how one responds to various environmental demands. Temperament is determined by set points with in every child and are different from child to child. When you add culture to attachment and temperament, you can see the influence that it can play on the various outcomes of the child’s development of social-emotional skills, brain development, self-regulation skills, empathy development, and overall effect on general development as
It has been proposed that infant attachment styles do not change after the first year of life, the following essay will argue against this prompt in that ones attachment style will change continuously throughout life. Attachment theory is based on the joint work of Bowlby and Ainsworth (Bretherton, 1992). In recent years the idea of ‘attachment’ has become and increasingly popular debate within developmental psychology (Bretherton, 1992). Attachment theory provides an explanation on how parent and child relationships are formed and the important role they play in child development. However majority of the research into attachment has focused on identifying the stability of attachment rather then identifying the possible insatiability of
Acknowledging, the importance of attachment has been in helpful development of couples therapy, in particular to Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT), “where it helps explain how even healthy adults need to depend on each other,” (Nichols, 2013, p. 62). EFT is an empirically validated experiential therapy model that works with emotion to create change. EFT therapists use “attachment theory to deconstruct the familiar dynamic in which one partner criticizes and complains while the other gets defensive and withdraws,” (Nichols, 2013, p.63). Research has demonstrated the importance of attachment in individuals. It is not solely a childhood trait attachment is a trait that individuals carry for the rest of their lives. Nonetheless, it is important to work on the attachments with families and couples in order to alleviate some of the negative interactions that arise from feeling a fear of losing the attachment with
The first stage of the cycle is the man experiences rejection by his current partner. The past experience of rejection by the man's previous attachment relationships will be able to detonate by contact with his current partner's behaviour of rejection. Brown et al. (2010) pointed out that previous experiences of rejection weaken a man's ability to cope with present rejection. Such experiences include excessive rejection, punishment, neglect and abandonment. According to Bowlby's attachment research (as cited in Bretherton, 1992, p. 769), repeated threats of rejection may lead to excessive separation anxiety. Thus, an anxiously attached man tends to be the one being rejected or abandoned several times by parents or previous partner in his past life experience. Substantial research has been carried out which indicated a link between attachment style and man's abusive behaviour (Brown et al., 2010). Other than that, a man received excessive punishment during their childhood is more likely a troublesome individual (Fergusson & Lynskey, 1997). Therefore, when a m...
Psychologist, Mary Ainsworth expanded upon Bowlby's original work. She conducted a study labelled the ‘Strange Situation’. In the study, based upon the children’s reactions, Ainsworth described three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment, and avoidant-insecure attachment. Work by Stroufe and Waters in 1977, further supported Ainsworth's attachment styles and have indicated that attachment styles also have an impact on behaviours later in life (Birns, 1999, p. 13). Researchers have found strengths in attachment patterns established early in life can lead to a number of outcomes. For example, children who are securely attached as infants tend to develop stronger self-esteem and better self-reliance as they grow older. These children also tend to be more independent, perform better in school, have successful social relationships, and experience less depression and anxiety (Birns, 1999, p. 13).
Attachment has also proven useful in understanding the emotional experience of older adults (Magai, Consedine, Gillespie, O’Neal, & Vilker, 2004). For example, Magai & Passman (1997) discovered a strong relationship between secure attachments and emotional well-being of middle aged adults, which extends to individuals later in life. Understanding the role of attachment and its psychosocial impact during later life is an important area that needs further
Brenning, K.M. & Braet, C. (2013). The emotion regulation model of attachment: An emotion-specific approach. Personal Relationships, 20(1), 107-123. Doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01399.x
Attachment behavior in adults towards the child includes responding sensitively and appropriately to the child’s needs. Such behavior appears universal across cultures. Attachment theory explains how the primary caregiver and child relationship influences development between the two.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Bar-On, N., & Ein-Dor, T. (2010). The pushes and pulls of close relationships: Attachment insecurities and relational ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 450-468. doi:10.1037/a0017366
Swim, T. Investigating Attachment Quality: Typical and Atypical Scenarios. [Online]. [Accessed 17 December 2013]. Available from: http://www.cfs.purdue.edu/ITSI/conferenceDocs/08/Swim-Investigating_Attachment_Quality.pdf.
During the first few stages of both theories, we see challenges in the development of the child and we also see challenges that a child might face during some, if not all forms of attachment theory. For example, a parent ignoring the child and speaking to them in a negative manner during insecure-avoidant attachment can be challenging for a child and lead to insecurities and the feeling of not being loved and/or wanted. Additionally, the theme of independence is seen throughout both theories and can also be related specifically to insecure-avoidant attachment where the child does not focus his or her attention on the parents but instead looks to the outside world for assistance. Both theories, as well as attachment theory, has an impact on childhood