Islam is the second most widely practiced religion in France, with the country being home to the largest Muslim population in Europe. Undoubtedly, France has faced various challenges in its attempt to achieve integration between its citizens and several issues have arisen during the last few decades. In order to comprehend the complexity of issues related to assimilation and integration, it is important to understand the different aspects of these issues and identify the reasons behind them to provide the fundamental basis needed to tackle them.
In the article “France and Its Muslims”, published in the 2006 September/ October issue of the magazine Foreign Affairs, Senior Editor and freelance writer Stephanie Giry discussed the assimilation of Muslims in France and presented several arguments regarding the issue. However, In order to understand the way in which French immigration and assimilation have evolved over time, it is essential to first examine the historical background that has laid the foundations of today’s French state and society before discussing Giry’s arguments. A historical overview will also provide the appropriate context in which to analyze the complex social, economic and political dilemmas that have emerged and affected both immigration and integration.
Before 1945, Muslim migration to Europe was quite modest and did not pick up until after World War II, when most European countries needed to be rebuilt, and thus mutual economic interest led them to recruit workers, who happened to be mainly Muslim. Muslim immigration to countries such as France continued to accelerate throughout the 1960s, but after the 1973 oil crisis, these immigrants could not leave and so family reunification took place in France hen...
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...times. By recognizing that many French Muslims today are making an effort to integrate and that Islamic religion is not the cause behind failed integration, as it shares European commitment to universal values and concerns, we would be one step closer to overcoming these conflicts and problems.
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The French occupation is a confrontation between exported modernity and an old regime: the French revolutionaries and their dominance over the Ottoman social order that is markedly different in contrast; and, al-Jabarti reports on how it transfers cross-culturally. Levels of contestation, open and/or secretive acceptances give way to losses and gains driven by high emotion – even for this writer. He “describes very carefully every step in the negotiation of the organization of society, from administration to inheritance, from property to charity or from justice to deliberation.”
In April of 2006 the reformation of immigration laws was a major topic. Wondering why immigrants should be able to come to the United States without rights and still be able to work here and eventually becomes a U.S. citizen. In the article “The Border on our Backs” written by Roberto Rodriguez, an illegal immigrant supporter wrote about the failure of the bill. In response to Rodriquez’s article Parker wrote an article titled “Se Habla Entitlement.”
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Race and religion are two concepts in American culture that can really tie people together, or clearly separate them apart. A group forged by strong common roots in both race and religion can be a powerful societal force, if it wants to be. The Nation of Islam is a small but growing religion in America that has become somewhat of a social movement because of its strong and radical ideas on race. In this paper, I will try to explore the beliefs of the Nation of Islam, and the ramifications it could and has had on racial relations in America. The Nation of Islam, or NOI, is a relatively new religion. The first temple of Islam was established in Detroit by Master Fard Muhammed in 1930. Much of the theology was based on the simple facts that: "Allah is god, the white man is the devil, and the so-called Negroes are the Asiatic black people, the cream of the earth."(1) And, in accordance with their bizarre view of creation, involving a mad scientist creating the white race from the black race, the twentieth century represents the time for black people to regain their rightful position as god¹s chosen people. (1) The Nation of Islam was spawned from Orthodox Islam, an age-old religion. However, Orthodox Islam has openly denounced the NOI as a heretic sect for three main reasons: the NOI¹s rejection of the belief in an afterlife, its tendency to view human leaders as deified figures, and its strong racist attitudes. (2) For a brief time, during the seventies, Wallace Deen Muhammed became the leader of the NOI and tried to take it in a new direction, more conforming to "true Islamic beliefs." This group is now called the American Muslim Mission and still exists in small numbers today. (1) ...
During the latter part of the 18th century, to be a French citizen almost certainly meant that you were Catholic as well. People outside the Catholic church were denied complete ...
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In 1911, 51% of the Ottoman Europe (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) population was Muslim but with emigrations, it downed to minorities of Muslims in some territories (McCarthy, 1995). Most of these immigrations were forced immigrations. If person immigrate, because she does not have the minimum basic needs in domicile that called forced immigration (Ýpek, 2000). Forced immigrations are not only the problem of present days but with twentieth century, forced immigration becomes a legal issue. Forced immigrations have an objective that to un-mix the population of the selected territories or to homogenise the territories (Barutciski, 2004). Homogenous communities are easier than mixed ones to be controlled and homogenous communities are less likely to have intercommunity conflicts. Thus forced immigrations are the reason of consolidating political power. “Büyük Mübadele” or 1923 exchange of Greek and Turkish populations was not the first attempt to formalise the population exchange but it is one of the earliest and most controversial international treaties on this subject (Barutciski, 2004) and the first internationally ratified compulsory population exchange. With the convention concerning the exchange of Greek and Turkish populations at Lausanne, after 1st May 1923 Muslims in Greek territories and Greek Orthodox in Turkish territories were compulsorily exchanged except Muslims in Western Trace and Greeks in Istanbul. 1.5 million Greek and Turk were forced to leave their homelands. There is a difference between Greek movement and Turkish movement; Greeks mostly emigrate with retreating Greek army as a result of Greek rout in 1922 and without waiting permission, but most of the Turks emigrate after the convention. More than 1 million Greek escaped from Turkey before convention of population exchange (Arý, 1995). According to official record of the Mixed Commission only 189.916 Greek were transferred to Greece after 1923 convention but 354.647 Turks transferred in this period (Hirshchot, 2004). There were not many Turks who immigrate in 1922 because, for Turkish immigrants the 1923 exchange is the only way to escape from Greek oppression in that period. The term “refugee” is not suitable for these groups as defined in international laws because they were immediately granted full citizenship. The term that is used in Turkish is “Muhacir” to refer to people who forcibly leave their homeland and enter the Ottoman Empire and Turkey and specifically the word “Mübadil” is referring to the 1923 exchange (Hirshchot, 2004).
In addition, France seemed to shove their culture on the Tunisians. The most obvious example of this is when students started to learn French as their primary language instead of Arabic. With an overwhelming French curriculum, it’s no wonder that a nationalistic movement grew out of these schools especially from the...
In his article “The Failure of Multiculturalism”, Kenan Malik uses the diverse European culture to study and explain the irony of multiculturalism. He defines multiculturalism as “the embrace of an inclusive, diverse society” (Malik 21). Integration between cultures is practically inevitable, but several nations view this as a threat towards upholding their culture. Due to this, many countries have made attempts at properly integrating new people and ideas while trying to prevent the degradation of their own. This can result in unjust regulations and the reverse effect of an intended multicultural society.