In the last years, distribution automation has gathered a
significant relevance in distribution systems planning and
operation. The network operator (NOp) looks for a suitable
configuration of the feeder topology as well as the
system, pursuing the reliability enhancement and a full energy
demand supply. Nevertheless, an efficient protection system
requires an adequate investment in such devices as reclosers,
fuses and sectionalizers. Thus, two conflictive objectives arise,
namely, NOp investment minimization and reliability maximization.
In this sense, the number and location of devices
in the system are critical variables to accomplish preceding
objectives. Here, we focus on recloser-based protection systems.
Specifically, we analyze the planning of normally closed
reclosers (NCRs), located within the distribution system (DS),
providing capability to isolate a fault section and restoring the
grid service.
This decision-making may be modeled as a multiobjective
optimization problem (MOOP), i.e., minimization of investment
costs along with reliability maximization. As reported
by Deb [1], the aggregating function approach and the "-
constraint method have been the most popularly mechanisms
to adequate a MOOP into a single-objective optimization
problem (SOOP). Thus, the traditional and widely studied
methods to solve a SOOP can be applied. In the first case,
the aggregating function approach combines all the objectives
into a single one using arithmetical operators, such as addition,
multiplication, among others [1]. Commonly, a weighted sum
of the objectives is performed, where a set of weights are
determined in order to state the importance of every objective.
Evidently, the output of such optimizat...
... middle of paper ...
...cision-making process
must to be developed taking into account several objectives
such as high levels of reliability together with low costs.
As stated by Deb [1], a multiobjective optimization problem
(MOOP) has a vector composed by objective functions which
are to be minimized or maximized. Besides, a set of constraints
describes the feasible region of solutions. On the other hand,
Coello et al. [8] bring the words of Osyczka [9] to define
the MOOP: “a vector of decision variables which satisfies
constraints and optimizes a vector function whose elements
represent the objective functions. These functions form a
mathematical description of performance criteria which are
usually in conflict with each other. Hence, the term optimize
means finding such a solution which would give the values of
all the objective functions acceptable to the decision maker.
The purpose of the RM Plan will be to provide an updated RM plan of the Department of Defense Defense Logistics Agency Defense Logistics Information Service. The current RM Plan has become outdated due to advancements in technology, technology vulnerability and exploitation, government regulations, and data protection standards. The new RM Plan project will be designed to bring the plan up to date with all requirements and set a ready framework for further updates as required. The importance of the plan is stated as the necessity to proactively mitigate the risk to the DLIS and the information secure and the information the DLIS is accountable for.
Abstract—Most Independent System Operators (ISOs) adopt the Bid Cost Minimization (BCM) to select offers and their respective generation levels while minimizing the total bid cost. It was shown that the customer payment costs that result from selected offers can differ significantly from the customer payments resulting from the Payment Cost Minimization (PCM), under which payment costs are minimized directly. In order to solve the PCM in the dual space, the Lagrangian relaxation and surrogate optimization approach is frequently used. When standard optimization methods, such as branch-and-cut, become ineffective due to the large size of a problem, the Lagrangian relaxation and surrogate optimization approach provides a good feasible solution within a reasonable CPU time. The convergence of the standard Lagrangian relaxation and surrogate subgradient approach depends on the optimal dual value, which is usually unknown. Furthermore, when using the surrogate subgradient approach, the upper bound property is lost, so additional conditions are needed to ensure convergence. The main goal of this paper is to develop a convergent variation of the surrogate subgradient method without invoking the optimal dual value, and show the relevance and effectiveness of the new method for solving large constrained optimization problems, such as the PCM.
My knowledge of engineering is reasonable and includes transformer substations, power plants, power distribution and transmission systems, industrial motor control and PLC programming, protective relay coordination, FACTS devices, grounding systems, Matlab programming and project management. In addition, I possess practical experience performing power flow, short-circuit and relay coordination analyses while using a power system modelling software such as ETAP, EDSA, DigSilent and CYME. Consequently, the aforementioned experience and solid engineering education along with your training will allow me to provide support to operating and new
On August 14th, 2003, a major blackout swept across portions of the northeastern United States and Canada. It was reported that a series of equipment outages in the Midwest led to uncontrolled cascading outages of power transmission lines and generators serving parts of the Northeast, Midwest and Canada. Automatic protective systems operated to open circuits and shut down power plants to prevent further spread of the outages. This is very similar to what happened in The Great Northeast Blackout of 1965. In both situations, the “grid system” shut down one generator in line at a time to protect a surge from the station before it.
In order to minimize the total shipping costs in the Darby distribution system, linear programming can be used.
A electric grid works as a power distribution system and carries electric powers through different power lines. Since grid cannot store any power anyplace within the system. We got several customers consuming megawatts of power at any moment. At that very same moment, we have got dozens of power plants manufacturing precisely the
This Business Continuity Plan for the SanGrafix is intended to serve as the fundamental Source for the information, goals, and procedures that would be necessary to help in the management’s decision-making process and its timely response to any turbulent or sustaining interruption of the department's normal business activities and services.
...ional standards. Our Security index remained steady as our control measures met the goal of being proactive enough to prevent, sustain, and repudiate a good amount of cyberattacks. The downtime, unfortunately, was more than we planned. But unlike other sectors, the electrical grid is a more complex system when one area is affected. It often requires isolation of systems to get the components back on line and at full operations range before restoration commences. Isolation can also translate to the significant amount of time to properly re-cycle the systems before it is ready to be integrated into the grid. Lastly, the profit margin is hit when the downtime increases. The profits evaporate in fines paid to the state, and federal entities regulating the energy sector. Also, profits are not being generated when power producing systems are isolated from the grid.
Hazard mitigation planning is an approach aimed at ascertaining ways to reduce the effects, deaths and damage to property that might result in the occurrence of a natural of man-made hazard.
Putting the ' Smarts' into the Smart Grid: A Grand Challenge for Artificial Intelligence. (2012).
ABSTRACT. In this modern science world, the usage of power is very high. As the usage is increased, the power demand is also gets increased. In order to comprise/compensate the power demand, different forms of power sources are preferred. Dispatchable energy resources (non-renewable energy sources) are the sources can be turned on and off in short amount of time and it is generated from different techniques. Non-dispatchable energy resources (renewable energy resources) includes the nuclear power plants, hydroelectric plants, wind and wave energy resources. The Distributed Energy Resources (DER) typically use these renewable energy sources, including small hydro, biomas, solarpower, windpower and geothermal power for an electric power distribution system and DER is coordinated within a microgrid. A
But as we know that each and every coin has two sides: so similar to that Cyber Physical systems also have pros and cons with different grand challenges. The minus points of these systems are unpredictability and unemployment, computers gain self-awareness, etc. Electricity blackout is a shortage of electric power or long term loss of the electric power in the particular area. Causes of an electricity blackout are in the electricity network, which includes faults at power stations, damage to electric transmission lines, substations or other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit or the overloading of electricity mains. Figure 3 Electrical outages worldwide [Ref.
Once plans have been developed, an organization must address how management will be accomplishing be those plans. This involves operational plans that must flow from strategy; specify resource, time issues, and commitment of human resources. Operational plans at the lower - levels of the organization, have a shorter time horizon, and are narrower in scope (Bateman, Snell 2003 p.113). A good example of this is Wal-Mart's main strategic goal. It is to provide quality merchandise at an affordable low cost to consumers. Its operational goals focus on efficient logistics requiring technology and inventory management systems to help reduce costs so it can be passed on to the customer. Operational plans are derived from a tactical plan and are aimed at achieving one or more operational goals (Bateman, Snell 2003 p.113).
Distribution- work on alternatives of outsourcing the distribution network or transportation routes. Should focus on outsource this non-core business activities if it is non-profitable. It is costly by not understanding the multi distribution network in standard line delivery (Multiple drop off points through retail channel sales)
Fortunately, during under-graduation, I got an opportunity to detect the optimum path of a process through my project “Design and Development of PCB Dual Head Drilling Machine”. Additionally, I became aware of a new subject called Six Sigma which aided me in intertwining new optimization techniques into my project to make the process effective. I optimized the creation...