The audit module is concerned with verifying the integrity of the outsourced data. It consists of four processes: Challenge: In this process, the TPA challenges the CSP to verify the integrity of all outsourced replicas. The TPA sends c (number of blocks to be challenged; 1≤ c ≤ n ) and two distinct PRF keys at each challenge: k1 and k2. The pseudo-random function (PRF) keyed with k1 is used to generate c random indices which indicate the file blocks that the CSP should use to prove the integrity. The PRF keyed with k2 is used to generate yj random values that are associated with each random index j and are used by the CSP while generating the response. Then, the challenge set Q = {(j, yj)} of pairs of random indices and values is generated at the CSP. Response: This process is run by the CSP, upon receiving the challenge set Q, to generate a proof that is used in the verification equation. In this process, the CSP prove that it is still correctly storing all file blocks. In case of single-copy file, the CSP computes σ=〖∏_((j,y_j )∈Q)▒〖(σ_j 〗)〗^(y_j ) mod N, μ= ∑_((j,y_j)∈Q)▒〖y_j. m_j 〗. (4) Wherein the multiple-copy version, the CSP computes: μ_i= ∑_((j,y_j )∈Q)▒〖y_j. m_ij 〗, μ=∏_(i=1)^r▒μ_i , σ=〖∏_((j,y_j)∈Q)▒〖(σ_j 〗)〗^(y_j ) mod N. (5) Then the CSP sends the proof P={σ,μ} to the TPA. Verify: This process is run by the TPA. It takes as input the public key pk, the challenge set Q, and the proof P returned from the CSP, The TPA checks the following verification equation in case of single-copy data auditing: 〖 σ^e=〗^? ∏_((j,y_j )∈Q)▒〖H(F_ID∥ j∥〗 T_j 〖 )〗^(y_j ).u^μ mod, (6) and this equation: 〖 σ^e=〗^? (∏_((j,y_j )∈Q)▒〖H(F_ID∥j∥〗 T_j 〖 )〗^(y_j ... ... middle of paper ... ...lock tag, the CSP cannot use blocks from different file for proof generation and pass the verification algorithm even if the data owner uses the same secret key sk with all her files. That is due to the collision-resistance property of any cryptographic hash algorithm, i.e., it is impossible for a hash function to get two same hash values for different messages in the random oracle model. Second, Due to the different value of timestamp Tj for each data block, the CSP cannot use the previous proof or old versions of challenged blocks to generate the new proof. Finally, If any of the challenged data blocks or their tags are corrupted or not fresh on the CSP, the CSP cannot pass the auditing because the verification equation cannot hold. □ We illustrate in Table 3 the different assumptions used in the security proofs of our proposed scheme versus the state-of -the-art.
... that the encoding system by W. K. Wong, D. W. Cheung, E. Hung, B. Kao, and N. Mamoulis in [24] can be broken without using context-specific information. The success of the attacks in [25] mainly relies on the existence of unique, common, and fake items, defined by W. K. Wong, D. W. Cheung, E. Hung, B. Kao, and N. Mamoulis in [24]; our scheme does not create any such items, and the attacks by Y. Lindell and B. Pinkas in [5] are not applicable to our scheme. Tai et al. [9] assumed the attacker knows exact frequency of single items, similarly to us.
The Verification process is defined as assessing selected Analytical Performance Characteristics, to generate appropriate relevant data rather than repeating the whole validation process. It is also part of the requirements in the 21 CFR 211.194(a)(2) in the current Good Manufacturing Practices and by the FDA regulations.
2. Repeat the same process shown in #1 with a technical issue on access control from the Rand report. All requirements are the same except for the topic you choose for discussion. (20
Objectivity also needs to be evaluated to make sure the internal audit is reliable. The internal audit needs to be free of conflicting responsibilities as well
... assist in undertaking the steps required to assess the work results’ adherence to quality standards.
List and briefly describe the elements of the 7 Component Framework Industry Standards for Auditing and Monitoring
Describe how you would conduct the audit process, incorporating the analytical procedures you would use to investigate a selected business transactions.
This will be done over a short amount of time compared to the pre-audit phase. Full attention will be put on the audit. The first part of the audit is always the opening conference. This is where the auditor will communicate with everyone that has stake in the audit. Anybody has is under the scope of the audit and will be correcting deficiencies needs to attend. Communication on audit phases, audit scoring and arranged meetings need discussed. The next part of the audit is to conduct a tour of the whole facility to become acquainted with it. Then before the actual inspection of the facility it is best to sit down and do a review of the documentation. The auditor will go through written programs and supplemental information relating to those programs. This can be time consuming so ensuring that this is communicated properly during the pre-audit is key. After the review comes the actual facility inspection. The auditor will inspect every area of the facility covered under the scope. Employee interviews can be conducted either during the inspection to act as a break or all together following the inspection. Following the interviews some training may occur. The auditor may train managers on how to better manage issues under the scope of the audit. Then follows the closing conference where all the stakeholders from the opening conference come together to discuss the findings of the audit and the
There was no consistency because the process was decentralized. The lack of consistency was inevitable considering the number of functional silos established with Cisco. As stated in the case there was "no centralized group checking for conflict...
Verification is a way to prevent errors when data is copied from one medium to another. There are two commo...
Audit is needed for the assurance of companies. More specifically, it is needed to ensure the correctness of all accounts which are related with the business. Moreover, the most important thing is to ascertain if the financial statements (Income Statement and Statement of Financial Position) have been arranged to present the synopsis of transactions for
Once the second step is complete, it is vital that the forensic expert checks the copy of the original matches the original exactly. They can ensure the copy is reliable by checking three characteristics. Firstly, the copying process must meet industry standards. A worthy benchmark is checking if the copying software used is used by other law enforcement agencies. Secondly, the copy must be able to be verified by the opponent in court. Finally the copy that is created should not be able to be manipulated.
Black Box Testing- This is a software testing technique. An external tester who is not common with the program he is testing would test this. For Black Box testing the tester would only basically know the inputs and what the expected outcome of the events would be.
The major characters of the tradition audit are all information what is needed by auditors are on the paper and the manual calculators and without high communication technology. Auditors usually were limited by the place in the paper time. When a several people are working on the same auditing project for a client with offices in cities across the country, even worldwide, it takes a lots all time those auditors get the information which they need from the client, even there is risk paper information disappear for many reasons. on the another hand, mail paper information increase the auditing cost. The mistake caused by the manual calculators inevitably, no matter how fixed auditors concentrate on recalculate is, after all auditors are human. The global business become major in the modern business world, some example, several auditors who are in different locations are working a same auditing project, or auditors are in different city even country with the client, when there is issue among these auditors or between auditors and client, they only can communicate with each other by phone or be together and have meeting. Phone call can not make sure information been watched in the same time when the voice is talking about the issue, but having a meeting takes time and money make all people together, it increases auditing cost.
To verify A’s signature (r, s) on m, B obtains a required copy of A’s domain parameters D= (q, a, b, G, n) and associated public key Q.