60s Research Document
4.1.1,2
History and development of the Multitrack Recorder
Multitrack recorders were originally developed in the early 1950s in Germany. The initial principle of multitracks was to divide a tape in two parts and record different sounds onto each and play them back concurrently. The fact that both tracks would be on the same tape would mean they would be synchronised exactly. In classical music recordings of the 1950s, the early two track machines were first used and recorded in stereo. Two different mics would be used and these signals would be recorded simultaneously. Pop and jazz recordings however, remained in mono until the mid sixties. The first three track recorder is attributed to Les Paul who developed the system with his wife, singer Mary Ford. Ampex were soon to realise the possibilities of such a machine and bought the device from Paul. Ampex quickly released a refined version of the three track which was in common use until the birth of 4-track in the mid 1960s. Many Motown hits and, maybe most famously, Phil Spector’s ‘Wall Of Sound’ were recorded on three track machines.
When 4-track was born, a new world of recording and bouncing possibilities was opened up to the recording industry. Most Beatles and Rolling Stones albums were recorded in 4-track and Abbey Road became world renowned in the art of 4-track recording. Their engineers seemed to be able to create vast recordings, which required numerous bounces, whilst keeping unwanted bounce noise to a minimum. 4-track also paved the way for innovations in sound such as Quadraphonic. This system used each track as a means of creating a 360° mix. Albums like Pink Floyd’s ‘Dark Side Of The Moon’ and Mike Oldfield’s ‘Tubular Bells’ were recorded in Quadraphonic (as well as Stereo) but the system never really took off. It did however have a significant part to play in the development of surround sound.
By 1970 the 16-track recorder was emerging in the rock scene of the United States though the Beatles stuck with the 8-track to record their final albums. Split bank designs became popular offering a main bank of faders used for the mic/line inputs, a separate bank controlling monitor levels and cue mixes and a final section used for other submixes and reverb chambers. The typical price for a 16-track recorder was around $35,000 however the problem of noise build up with numerous tracks still existed (this is the main reason for the lack of interest in 24-track machines at the time).
Abbey Road is heralded as one of the greatest rock ‘n roll albums ever. It grinds with hard rock and sways with soft guitar. The variety of the tracks provides something for everyone. It was created in 1969 at the famous Abbey Road studios. George Martin and Geoff Emerick, who had produced many other Beatles’ albums, contributed to this work. This album is one of the more famous albums of the Beatles, who are one of the most popular bands ever. Almost every piece of this album, even the cover, is art works in themselves.
While it is impossible to specify an exact date as to when the loudness wars began, we can study the trends of mastering over the past forty years, and, from our data, hypothesize when engineers began prioritizing loudness over quality. Before examining the levels of commercially distributed audio, the medium of recorded music must be taken into consideration. The earliest indications that loudness was prioritized in commercial music occurred on vinyl. In the 1940’s and 1950’s, 7” singles were extremely popular among bars, clubs and pubs housing jukeboxes. The jukebox would typically have a pre-set level for playback, so if records were mastered louder, they would...
Marx’s explanation of capitalism is a widely recognised theory in a political, economic and social sense. His analysis of capitalism aims to explain how individuals allocate themselves and their resources to satisfy their basic human needs. He believes that the production of goods can be characterised by two main features: forces of production and relations of production. The forces of production refer to the ways in which people provide for their needs, this includes: land, labour and capital and the relations of production, which refers to the social relationships that dominate the production capacities of a society.
Gender can be interpreted in many different ways. One interpretation is Drag. Drag is an artform that has been since Ancient Greece. Through the years, drag has changed a lot from its eEarly sStages to 50’s,60’s, 80’s,90’s and RuPaul’s Drag Race. Drag has also maintained a consistent, and at times rocky, relationship with the LGBT+ Community. Drag is a popular form of self-expression that breaks the boundaries of gender
Have you ever wondered how exactly you got your eye color? It starts with eye color genetics. Eye color genetics are the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) make-up behind your eye color. Your eye color has a huge effect on how you perceive the world. Without eye color, you wouldn’t be able to decipher colors. Eye color genetics are important to the very culmination of your being.
Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of food, an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image and a body mass index of less than 18.5 (Kring, Johnson, Davison, Neale, 2013). There are two subtypes of anorexia, Restricting and Binge Eating/Purging. An individual who falls under the Restricting subtype severely restricts food intake, while an individual who falls under the Bing Eating/Purging subtype regularly engages in binge eating and purging. Anorexia typically begins in adolescence and primarily affects women. The disorder is more common in women than in men mainly because of the cultural emphasis that is placed on women’s beauty. Individuals with anorexia generally have a low self-esteem, a very critical self-evaluation and a belief that they can never be too thin. Due to the seriousness of the disorder, the issue of whether or not an individual should have the right the refuse life-sustaining treatment is highly debated.
Anorexia nervosa is (AN) eating disorder that makes those afflicted attempt and succeed at losing weight until they reach a state of malnourishment for their body size, age and height. Patients with anorexia nervosa have an acute fear of gaining even the slightest weight despite being exceptionally underweight. People who suffer from this disorder use various methods such as over-exercising or over-dieting to avoid gaining any more weight (A.D.A.M., 2013). This disorder has implications regarding one’s security, psychological, emotional, and most importantly, physical health. It can lead to death if too extreme because the patient lacks the intake of necessary nutrients to function. Two case studies describe individuals who try overcoming their emotional and psychological battles as they suffer from AN. Both case studies reveal strengths in their findings that have important future implications, but also limitations in the research design that may undermine the strength of the results.
Albinism is a genetically inherited disease that leads the patient to have little to no melanin, which causes a loss of pigment in hair, skin, eyes, and a decrease in vision. There are different forms of albinism, but the two most popular are called Oculocutaneous Albinism and Ocular Albinism. Oculocutaneous Albinism has a pigment deficiency in skin, hair, and eye color, along with decreased vision in the eyes. Ocular Albinism has a defect in the eyes affecting vision, but there is no difference in skin and hair color (4). Donating money towards the genetic research of albinism to help improve treatments would be very beneficial. Research would be based around gene therapy and finding ways to cure albinism through the treatment of gene therapy. (9)
Karl Heinrich Marx was born May 5th, 1818 in Trier, Germany. Marx grew up in a middle class home to Henrietta Pressburg—mother—and Heinrich Marx—father—who was a prosperous lawyer (Rossig 6-7). Like himself, Heinrich Marx envisioned his son becoming a lawyer as well. From 1830 to 1835 Marx attended the University of Bonn initially registered in Law Faculty, but eventually registered in Faculty of Philosophy—most likely from Ludwig von Westpholen, father to friend Edgar, who spoke at length with Marx about literature and philosophy (Rossig 13, 10, 20). A very influential teacher to Marx at the time, Professor Eduard Gans, taught Marx that “political reform was desirable but not adequate to ensure full emancipation of humanity” which later tied into Marx’s own ideas and beliefs (Rossig 21). However, after his father’s death on May 10th, 1838, Marx abandoned all interest of a legal career (...
The predominant symptoms of this illness include; a refusal to maintain a normal body weight, a preoccupation with a perfect body image, an excruciating fear of gaining weight and amenorrhea (absence of three consecutive menstrual cycles.) It’s a fallacy that eating disorders are entirely about being thin and looking good. In fact, eating disorders are severe psychological disorders that require professional intervention. People with eating disorders may portray their lives as being picture-perfect; when, truly, they are the ones who hide all the anguish and misery in that façade. Certainly, not everyone who aims to lose weight develops an eating disorder. There are various underlying factors that contribute to the development of Anorexia nervosa.
To record this album an EMI console, a 16-track tape machine, a Fairchild limiters, and an EMT plate reverb were used. There were also up to five or six tape machines doing various delays, reverb delays, ect. at one time. Alan remembers “on the mix having to borrow tape machines from other rooms to get delays and stuff.” (Anonymous. "Studio Legends: Alan Parsons on "Dark Side of the Moon")
After the careful analysis among all human subjects, researchers discovered common medical conditions within women whom have Anorexia Nervosa. “…anemia,38.6%; leukocytopenia, 34.4%; hyponatremia, 19.7%; hypokalemia, 19.7%; bradycardia, 41.3%; hypotension, 16.1%; hypothermia, 22.4%; elevation of alanine aminotransferase concentration, 12.2%; osteopenia, 51.7%; osteoporosis, 34.6%; and primary amenorrhea, 14.8%.”(Miller et al., 2005, ¶ 12 Comment). There are eleven different medical cases that come from this destructive eating disorder solely in this research
“Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by weight loss (or lack of appropriate weight gain in growing children); difficulties maintaining an appropriate body weight for height, age, and stature; and, in many individuals, distorted body image,” (Anorexia Nervosa, 2018). Anorexia nervosa can affect people of all ages, genders, sexual orientations, races, and ethnicities. To be diagnosed with anorexia there has to be three criteria’s meet. The first criteria that has to be met is, restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. The second criteria is intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. The final criteria that needs to be met to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa is disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. “In anorexia nervosa’s cycle of self-starvation, the body is denied the essential nutrients it needs to function normally. Thus, the body is forced to slow down all of its processes to conserve energy, resulting in serious medical consequences,” (Anorexia Nervosa, 2018). You are not only hurting your body when you become anorexic, but you are hurting your mind because you are not
Anorexia Nervosa is a very dangerous eating disorder that is all too common in many different societies and cultures; its prevalence has been noted in our society and has had a marked increase across the United States and the world. It is highly reported in different media sources and many young women and men are reportedly suffering from the disorder. Over the last 10 years the disorder has had a marked increase in attention by clinics and physicians across many health disciplines. It has been agreed that it is no longer suffered by a select few but instead is quite common, especially among the young female population (Garner, Olmstead & Polivy, 1983). The root causes for anorexia have been a topic of great debate, many questionnaires, tests
Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that can have fatal consequences. Anorexics consume very restricted amounts of food and start to starve themselves. Eventually these people will become dangerously thin and malnourished, but still see themselves as overweight and continue to not eat....