Multi-Protocol Label Switching - MPLS
Multi-Protocol Label Switching, more commonly referred to as MPLS, was defined in the late 1990sas a traffic engineering mechanism to replace IP over ATM in Internet backbones. In the mid-90s efforts were made to combine IP and ATM technologies, the first one being IP switching developed by Ipsilon, competition came very quickly from other companies, notably Cisco with “Tag Switching”, IBM with “Aggregate Route-based IP Switching” and Cascade with “IP Navigator”. All of these solutions had the same goal, which was to improve the throughput and delay performance of IP. Their basic approach to this was very similar, use a standard routing protocol such as OSPF to define paths between endpoints, assign packets to these paths as they enter the network and use ATM to move the packets along the paths. In the mid ninety’s ATM switches were much faster than IP routers and it was intended to use these methods to improve performance by increasing traffic on existing ATM hardware.
By 1997 the IETF set up the MPLS working group to develop a standardised approach to all of these proprietary initiatives by defining a new core networking environment capable of carrying multiple traffic types over a common infrastructure. It was intended to provide for a universal transport mechanism enabling currently deployed technology to interact with new technology. The first set of proposals was published in 2001, by this time routers had become as fast as ATM switches thus eliminating the need to provide both IP and ATM technologies on the same network.
There are three main uses fo...
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...tworking and Migration Considerations
http://www.techworld.com/cmsdata/whitepapers/5139/MPLS_Net_WP.pdf
Joint Techs Workshops: GMPLS Tutorial
http://dragon.maxgigapop.net/twiki/pub/DRAGON/JointTechsFeb2006/GMPLS_Tutorial_and_RandE_Network_Implementation.pdf
CrossTalk: MPLS Tutorial
http://blog.tmcnet.com/cross-talk/phonenomenal-iphone.asp
MPLS Tutorial
http://www.mplstutorial.com/
Search Networking: MPLS Technology Overwiew
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid7_gci1225222,00.html
Books:
Gray. Edward W. (2001) MPLS: Implementing the Technology, Addison Wesley Publishing Company
Reagan. James (2002) Cisco CCIP MPLS Study Guide, Sybex
Morrow. Monique, Sayeed. Azhar (2006) MPLS and Next-Generation Networks: Foundations for NGN and Enterprise Virtualization, Cisco Press
De Ghien. Luc (2007) MPLS Fundamentals, Cisco Press
The direction of this paper is to describe a telecommunications switch and show its purpose and multitasking abilities. This paper will use the AT&T 5ESS Switch to give a real world example of a top rated telecommunications switch. The end result will be an understanding of how a switch works and what it can do. Also, it will show why the AT&T 5ESS Switch is #1 in today's telecommunication world.
[3] The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols by David D. Clark [M.I.T. Laboratory for Computer Science]
Meanwhile, the advent of early PC’s and the recognition of the value in networking devices together gave rise to Local Area Networks. These LAN’s were developed from a business customer perspective, which placed more emphasis on costs and ease of use over reliability. There were a number of different competing LAN technologies, two of the most common being Token Ring (IBM) and Ethernet (everyone else). The triumph of Ethernet in the marketplace, to the extent where it is included in every PC, game console and some refrigerators, provides a consistent and relatively inexpensive way to build internal networks with relative ease.
Token ring networks have since declined in usage and the standards activity has since come to a standstill as switched Ethernet has dominated the LAN/layer 2 networking market.
Video streaming service is one of growing business in the recent years. Many streaming service providers are available in market and there is a lot of competitive edge between those. Some of the providers are Amazon Prime Instant, Hulu, Vudu, ITunes and each has its unique feature.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is essential to the world of computer networking. The model was created in 1977 by the International Standards Committee, in response to a difficulty that was facing computer networkers at the time (Shelly, Cashman, and Serwatka 142). In order to understand the difficulty, one must first realize that computer networks consist of computer hardware, the software that is to be used in conjunction with this hardware, and the medium (such as wiring or cabling) that will interconnect the computing devices that are in the network. The computer networker’s job is to determine which hardware, software, and medium types will create the network that will best suit his client’s needs. Then, the networker must combine these elements into a functional system of interconnected computers (Fortino and Villeneuve 112). It was in attempting this latter task that the computer networker of the late 1970s often found himself in a pickle. The problem was that each vendor of computing equipment had developed his own unique set of products; products that were incompatible with the products of other vendors. This incompatibility made it very difficult for a computer networker to combine the various network components into an operational computer network (Stamper 27).
An Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is the most used interior gateway protocol and computation intensive protocol where energy consumption in Internet Protocol (IP) networks is the main concern. The energy in an IP network can be saved by allowing a subset of IP router interfaces on sleep mode setting during the low traffic hours through the model of “move” by dint of an Energy Aware Routing (EAR) strategy, which is completely compatible with OSPF and is based on the “Shortest Path Tree (SPT) exportation” techinque or “Dijkstra's Algorithm”. In case of heavy traffic hours, the EAR strategy is not usable and may cause denial of service. The strategy implemented can help a network operator to control the network performance and allow a smoothed QoS degradation. This performance evaluation study permits to save about 30% of network links with a insignificant rise of link loads and network path lengths.
MPLS was originally proposed by a group of engineers from Ipsilon Networks, but their "IP Switching" technology, which was defined only to work over ATM, did not achieve market dominance. Cisco Systems, Inc. introduced a related proposal, not restricted to ATM transmission, called "Tag Switching" when it was a Cisco proprietary proposal, and was renamed "Label Switching" when it was handed over to the IETF for open standardization. The IETF work involved proposals from other vendors, and development of a consensus protocol that combined features from several vendors' work.
Sending data through the internet efficiently has always posed many problems. The two major technologies used, Ethernet and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), have done an admirable job of porting data, voice and video from one point to another. However, they both fall short in differing areas; neither has been able to present the "complete" package to become the single, dominant player in the internet market. They both have dominant areas they cover. Ethernet has dominated the LAN side, while ATM covers the WAN (backbone). This paper will compare the two technologies and determine which has a hand-up in the data trafficking world.
This memorandum will attempt to explain the Open Systems Interconnection Model, known more simply as the OSI Model. The OSI Model has seven levels, and these levels will be discussed in detail. Particular mention will be made to which level TCP/IP functions with the OSI Model.
Section 1.4 is basically the author telling us about two important network architectures, the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) deals with connecting opens systems, which are systems that talk with other systems. This model has seven layers: the physical layer, the data link layer, the network layer, the transport layer, the session layer, the presentation layer, and the application layer. From this information, we discover that the OSI model is used only for its model (the 7 layers) and not as a network architecture since it doesn’t specify the exact services and protocols to be used in each layer.
The explosive growth of the internet over the past 10 years has fostered an almost equally explosive growth in the need to transmit data across vast distances quickly and reliably. Routers have kept pace with this demand. Routers are the traffic cops and road signs that make sure that the email you send to your friend across the country arrives at it’s intended destination. I have barely scratched the surface of information that is necessary to keep a enterprise router up and running. As we keep an eye to the future amazing things will continue to un-fold in the world of routers.
Internet Protocol version 4 is the current standard “IP” protocol used with Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which is the protocol for Internet addressing. Like the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, TCP/IP has its own model. The TCP/IP network model represents reality in the world, whereas the OSI model represents an ideal. The TCP/IP network model has four basic layers. The first layer, Network interface layer, deals with all physical components of network connectivity between the network and the IP protocol. Next the Internet layer contains all functionality that manages the movement of data between two network devices over a routed network. Then the Transport layer manages the flow of traffic between two hosts or devices, ensuring that data arrives at the application on the host for which it is targeted. And last, the Application layer acts as final endpoints at either end of a communication session between two network hosts (Tetz).
The Structure of Management Information (SMI) standard is responsible for defining the rules for how the Management Information Base (MIB) objects are structured, described and organized. SMI is a data definition language allows dissimilar devices to communicate by ensuring that they use a universal data representation for all management information. SMI is needed to ensure the syntax and semantics of the network management data are well defined and unambiguous.[TCP/IP Guide]
Qiang Duan; Yuhong Yan; Vasilakos, A.V., "A Survey on Service-Oriented Network Virtualization Toward Convergence of Networking and Cloud Computing," Network and Service Management, IEEE Transactions on , vol.9, no.4, pp.373,392, December 2012