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Women's role during the 2nd industrial revolution
Change of role in women during the industrial revolution
Women's role during the 2nd industrial revolution
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Muller vs. Oregon
As the economic changes swept through America with the Industrial Revolution, so did society and the traditional roles of men and women. These changes hit the lower class women particularly hard because not only did they have to work long hours at a factory; they also had to maintain the household as traditions required of women. With all of these responsibilities that women now had, perhaps the strain hit women because rarely had they been required to do so much. Oregon saw this and created a law in 1903 that stated that women were only allowed to work a maximum of ten hours a day. Similar laws had been passed in other states so it made some people wonder, did the Oregon law violate the women's freedom of contract implicit in the liberty protected by due process?
In other states, people had broken these laws or brought them before the court claiming that the restraint on the number of hours was unconstitutional and the fourteenth amendment was used against the law. Although similar laws had been defeated by the Supreme Court's ruling before Muller v. Oregon, that does not mean that they were previously unconstitutional and did not violate the fourteenth amendment for women's freedom.
The time of the Industrial Revolution allowed little room for smaller companies to make a name because the big businesses had monopolies over certain areas of industry. Therefore, for a person to make a name for himself, he had to do so with ambition, money, reputation, and inner strength. By reason of an owner not possessing these qualities, then by the rigors of business owning he would be mentally crushed by the amount of work that falls upon the owner's shoulders. In addition, even though labor came cheaply to t...
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... is subject to proper restraints under the state.
By the evidence thus shown, although federal laws have to be obeyed throughout the United States of America, there are certain areas of law making that are created and regulated at the state level. Brandeis's report on women being different than men showed the Supreme Court a different side of women and their abilities. Even though this lawsuit was to declare the Oregon Stature unconstitutional, it was the first to have laws set on the number of hours allowed to work in a day and showing other states the proper reasoning to make sure that it was not called unconstitutional. "The regulation of her hours of labor falls within the police power of the State, and a stature directed exclusively to such regulation does not conflict with the due process or equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment." (Touro)
Since the beginning of the 17th-century and earlier, there has always been different perspectives on women 's rights. Men and women all over the world have voiced their opinion and position in regard to the rights of women. This holds especially true in the United States during the 18th and 19th century. As women campaigned for equality, there were some who opposed this idea. There was, and always will be a series of arguments on behalf of women 's rights. Anti-women 's rights activists such as Dr. John Todd and Pro-women 's rights activist Gail Hamilton argued intelligently and tactfully on the topic. There were many key arguments made against women’s rights by Dr. John Todd, and Gail Hamilton 's rebuttal was graceful and on par with her male counterpart. Let 's examine some of Dr. John 's arguments against women 's equality.
This document is a Brochure on Equal Right released by Historical Society of Pennsylvania. This Brochure was created to bring awareness and bring equal rights amendment to the constitution for women. At this time it is the second wave of feminists. Their goals were to give women equal right, but others wanted women to stay in their stereotypes of being mothers, and housewives. The first half document points to all of the issues where women aren’t being given equal right. The second half of this document is what the equal right Amendment will bring for women.Points out that women are not considered legal even though corporation are. Women earn considerably lower than men about 41%. Women are
Federal laws and regulations contain many loopholes, are inconsistently interpreted and may be repealed outright (NOW 1). Many supporters claim the Equal Rights Amendment is needed "to clarify law for the lower courts, whose decisions still reflect confusion and inconsistency about how to deal with sex discrimination claims (Francis 2). There is a supporting theory argument that "an amendment to equality would absolutely shift the burden away from those fighting discrimination and place it where it belongs, on those that deserve it.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Industrial development of the late 18th century (around 1865-1900) is often characterized by it’s affluent, aggressive and monopolistic industrial leaders of the likes of men such as Andrew Carnegie, William H. Vanderbilt, and John D. Rockefeller. Due to their ruthless strategies, utilization of trusts, and exploitation of cheap labor in order to garner nearly unbreakable monopolies and massive sums of wealth, these men are often labelled as “robber barons”. At the same time, they are also often referred to as “industrial statements” for their organization, and catalyst of, industrial development; not to forget their generous contributions to the betterment of American society. Therefore, whether or not their aforementioned advances in industry were undertaken for their own personal benefits, one cannot ignore their positive effects on America. Thus, one can conclude that not only were the captains of industry both “robber barons” and “industrial statements”, but that that these two labels, in fact, go hand-in-hand.
The writers of this amendment wanted them to be given the same opportunities as men. During America’s ancient history, women were completely denied. They were not given the key rights given to male. For instance, married women couldn’t own property and they had no legal demand to money they could earn (Matthew, 2017). Even though they had rules and courts, the women whose money was forcefully taken from them by their husbands (or other people), couldn’t sue anyone. Instead, they were blamed for working. Furthermore, women were supposed to be at home and be a house wife, though men could go out and work. Men could also be a part of government and work freely. Women, instead of working had to be source of energy for working by cleaning and cooking for males (Green, 2013). So, women were compelled to have their rights to
Industry was on demand because of industrial figures such as; Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, and John D. Rockefeller. As industry picked up and the economy grew everyone was affected whether it was for the better or not. Successful entrepreneurs created a diversification in industry and broke up the different classes of Americans. This diversification broke up the haves and the haves not of America. By 1900, ten percent of Americans owned seventy-five percent of the nation's wealth. Through considerably corrupt actions like monopoly, this gave successful business owners an advantage to control every part of production. By doing this they were able to establish how the company was ran and even had control over wages. Workers’ were outraged at the fact they had no say in the matter. Due to being overworked and paid little, workers created labor unions to fight
Women’s education reform started to see more and more support as well. Molly states in her valedictory address at the Young Ladies’ Academy of Philadelphia in 1792 that, “ With some, however, it has been made a question, whether we ought ever to appear in so public manner.”[Document J] Molly is saying that some are beginning to question whether or not it 's suitable for women to appear publicly. At the end of her address, Molly states, “And if to read, why not to speak?”[Document J] Overall, she is saying that if men get to have a voice why cant women? Women like Molly Wallace began to speak out against the gender restrictions at the time and this eventually led to the Women’s Rights Movement. Another example of women’s roles beginning to change was shown in a woodcut from Marblehead, Massachusetts in 1779. The woodcut depicts a patriot woman wearing a tricorn hat, wielding a musket, and carrying gunpowder. [Document A] This shows that women’s roles were expanding and society was moving forward. Slaves and indentured servants also began to see change in their societal position as well. In An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio in 1787, Article 6, it states that, “There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.”[Document H] This excerpt is basically saying that slavery and indentured servitude was banned in the territory northwest of the Ohio River. However, if the slaves were fugitives they would be lawfully returned to their owners. Both women and slaves saw drastic social change which prompted future movements such as the Abolitionist Movement and the Women’s Rights
The constitution of 1884 limited women’s rights. For example, it did not even define citizenship for women “and by law women without citizenship could not vote” (Ibid.10.). Suffrage was obviously extremely important, but lacking the basic right of citizenship was a more immediate problem. Without citizenship, women had to depend on the males in their lives for everything. “According to the Civil Code of 1884, married women could not enter into a contract, sell property, or oversee their children’s education” (Op Cit.). Without the rights of citizenship, women could not lead an independent existence.
In the United States history, the 19th century represented a decisive period in the construction of its economic and social identity. This century is known as the century of the industrial revolution (1776-1861). Indeed, this is during this period that have developed the First major industries of the country. Through these industries was born major businesspeople that by more or less orthodox methods have constituted colossal fortunes. For multiples reasons, some historians consider these big business leaders like the captain of industry, while others argue that they were robber barons.
As Thomas Jefferson wrote in the preamble of the Declaration of Independence "in the pursuit of happiness" through higher wages and shorter work hours, printers were the first to go on strike, in New York in 1794; carpenters in Philadelphia in 1797, and cordwainers in 1799. In the 1800's, the construction of cotton mills brought about a new phenomenon in American labor. The owners needed a new source of labor to tend these water powered machines and look after women. Since these jobs didn't need strength or special skills, the owners hired women.... ...
Even to this day, women have not reached maximum equality, but the landmark Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade has helped the women’s equality movement drastically take a step in the right direction. Prior to the case, women had their rights very limited and restricted. Everyone was and still is entitled to their basic rights, however pregnant women were not. Their first, fourth, fifth, ninth, and fourteenth amendment rights were violated and were not addressed until Jane Roe testified in court. The decision made by the court still has a lasting impact even to this day. The landmark Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade was not just a win for Jane Roe, but a win for all women as it helped break the barrier that surrounded women’s equality.
A Cultural Revolution swept through the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. This revolution brought about change and affected nearly everyone—whether they supported the Cultural Revolution or opposed it. This time period in United States history consisted of radical movements and vicissitudes as cultural revolutionaries struggled for equality of all people of both genders and all races. When people think of this period, the civil rights movement and the fight for desegregation in America comes to mind. Although the struggle for racial equality is an important and unforgettable part of American history, there was another fight against inequality that many people overlook. This important part of our nation’s history was the fight for Equal Rights Amendment, also known as the ERA. Even though advocates for the ERA amendment strongly pushed for its passage during the sixties and seventies, the amendment was actually written in 1923, by Alice Paul, the founder of the National Women’s Party. (http://www.equalrightsamendment.org/) The Equal Rights Amendment pushes to outlaw discrimination based on gender. The ERA seeks equality in the specific areas of voting, employment, and education, as well as equality throughout society. Men have traditionally been considered superior, and women were expected to acknowledge their superiority and respect it. As the ERA states, women want to be recognized as equals and treated accordingly. However, the Equal Rights Amendment does not only protect and defend the rights of women; it also has a positive effect on men. According to a History Matters article on the Era, “The ERA will increase everyone’s freedom of choice within our society—no longer will a person suffer legal limitations or bear extr...
Women’s equality has made huge advancements in the United States in the past decade. One of the most influential persons to the movement has been a woman named Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Ruth faced gender discrimination many times throughout her career and worked hard to ensure that discrimination based on a person’s gender would be eliminated for future generations. Ginsburg not only worked to fight for women’s equality but fought for the rights of men, as well, in order to show that equality was a human right’s issue and not just a problem that women faced. Though she faced hardships and discrimination, Ruth never stopped working and thanks to her equality is a much closer reality than it was fifty years ago. When Ruth first started her journey in law, women were practically unheard of as lawyers; now three women sit on the bench of the highest court in the nation.
The first law reacting to gender discrimination was the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which was an amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act. This law stated that gender pay discrimination was bad for business, being an inefficient use of human resources and creating conflict. The law puts forth that no business may give lower pay to one gender, when the jobs are equal. There are exclusions such as seniority, merit, and pay for quantity jobs.
Industrial revolution – the general historical phenomenon characterizing a certain moment in the development of capitalism.