It has been known that motivation deficits are a crucial characteristic of schizophrenia. Several studies had supported the importance of motivation as it had been linked to poorer performance of neurocognition, functioning and outcome in schizophrenic patients. The Self-determination theory had provided an important explanatory framework for understanding why individuals pursue specific goals and behaviours. The SDT had been used as a basis for understanding the motivational deficits in Schizophrenia, being the two types of motivation as extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. The findings emphasized that schizophrenic patients pay more attention to extrinsically rewarding experiences.
Intrinsic motivation is the motivation to do something only for the pleasure or satisfaction that one gets from performing the action. It is activated when there is the presence of the senses of meaningfulness, competence, progress and choice of the action taken or to be taken. IM can only occur for activities that are intrinsically interesting.
IM can only occur for activities that are intrinsically interesting. Schizophrenic patients have motivation impairments, often the criterion of intrinsic motivation is not met due to the reduced processing of motivational significance; most tasks will not be intrinsically motivating. Only stronger than normal environment cues are required for people with schizophrenia in order to help them process motivational significance and engage in desired behaviour. Therefore, extrinsic motivation-based interventions demonstrated effectiveness. Perceived competency, being the motivated behaviour towards knowledge, skill or learning, is a central constituent of IM and strong predictor of high levels of motivation in edu...
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...reduce treatment default and medication non-compliance.
Works Cited
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The first of the three, intrinsic motivation, explains that the individual does something purely out of enjoyment, and that the activity is gratifying in itself. Vallerand and O’Connor (1989) came up with a three part grouping of intrinsic motivation. There is intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, which is doing something for the sensory pleasure it brings, like a person parachuting because they enjoy the sensation of falling through the air. Intrinsic motivation to know relates to doing an activity in order to learn. A person taking an online class to learn more on that field shows off this type of motivation. The last part of intrinsic motivation is to accomplish. This refers to an individual performing an activity for the pleasure of achievement, creating, or to surpass oneself. When a person is focused more on the process of achievement rather than the actual achievements results, they are intrinsically motivated through accomplishment (Vallerand and Grouzet, 2001). Extrinsic motivation is present whenever there some kind of external factors waiting for the individual at the end of the activity. There are four different forms of extrinsic motivation, which are defined by the degree to which the motivation is self-determined (Lapointe and Perreault, 2013). First of the four is integrated regulation, which means an individual joined
Schizophrenia is an internal disease caused by fundamental organizational differences in the brain. It begins to be noticed in a person's late teens through twenties. Signs of it can be seen from early childhood and it is now being hypothesized that it is actually present during adolescence (1). Since this hypothesis extends to fetal development, brain formation in the earliest stages is effected. The alteration of pathways and deviation of neurotransmitters from normal arrangement is believed to be a factor behind the affliction. The brain of these individuals forms differently. Neurotransmitters are believed to misfire altering the chemical balance of the brain causing behavioral problems. There are deficits in cortical and subcortical cognitive processes (5). There are also enlarged ventricles in the brain causing further impairment of ability (3). When the disease is present there are certain symptoms that are easily recognizable. They fall into three categories overt, negative, and positive. The overt symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, alteration of the senses, inability to sort and then respond appropriately to incoming sensations, an altered sense of self, and changes in behavior (2). The negative symptoms are emotional flatness, inability to start or follow through on activities, brief speech lacking content, and lack of pleasure or interest in life (2). All of these include an inhibition on processing information and further imply a differentiation in the normal self. The basic information above provides a solid background to understanding the disease and already possible problems to a person's I-function can be seen.
1) Convergence of Biological and Psychological Perspectives of Cognitive Coordination in Schizophrenia, Phillips, William A. and Silverstein, Steven M. Behavioral and Brain Sciences(2003) 26, 000-000
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder that is characterized by different disturbing behaviors that individuals suffer from. The characterized different disturbing behaviors associated with the disorder are emotional, thought, and perceptions on certain aspects of life. Individuals that suffer from schizophrenia seem too disengaged from society and are not able to perform some of the normal functions of life. The disorder is associated with “deficits in neurocognitive processes that represent a core feature of the disorder and may precede illness onset” (Kantrowitz, 2012) as stated in the Expect Review of Neurotherapeutics article. There are defects in many neuropsychological domains throughout the person’s brain that ends up causes the person to have certain reactions. People that suffer from schizophrenia also have episodes of hallucinations, delusions, incoherent speech, illogical thinking, and bizarre behaviors. In addition, some other behaviors are not being able to think clearly and have almost no facial expression to almost any emotio...
BIBLIOGRAPHY Arasse, Daniel. Complete Guide to Mental Health. Allen Lane Press,New York, 1989. Gingerich, Susan. Coping With Schizophrenia. New Harbinger Publications, Inc. Oakland, 1994. Kass, Stephen. Schizophrenia: The Facts. Oxford University Press. New York, 1997. Muesen, Kim. “Schizophrenia”. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation, 1998. Young, Patrick. The Encyclopedia od Health, Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment. Herrington Publications. New York, 1991.
There are many different diagnoses for mental problems these days from anxiety disorders to eating disorders and from mood disorders to obsessive-compulsive disorders. However, I am choosing to write about schizophrenia disorder because I believe that this type of disorder is one of the most dangerous of all mental problems. Throughout this paper I will describe the criteria doctors use to diagnose somebody with schizophrenia as well as the specific DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. This will include the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia such as the positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms. Also I will talk about the etiology and the medical and psychological treatments for schizophrenia. Lastly I will write about the impact this disorder has on the person and the people around them in the real world.
Sensky T., Turkington D., Kingdon D., Scott J. L., Scott J., Siddle R., O'Carroll M. & Barnes T. (2000). A randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57: 165-172
Schizophrenia can be described by a wide-ranging spectrum of emotional and cognitive dysfunctions. These can include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, as well as inappropriate emotions. Consequently, this disease can affect people from all walks of life. Since schizophrenia is such a complex disorder it can ultimately affect a person’s entire existence and their struggle to function daily. With a chronic disease like this, most people have a difficult time functioning in society. This can make it hard for someone who is schizophrenic to relate to others as well as maintain significant relationships. Life expectancy for those who suffer this illness tend to be shorter than average. This is due to the higher rate of accident and suicide. The symptoms of schizophrenia can be broken down into different categories: positive, negative and disorganized. Positive symptoms include hallucinations and delusions. These tend to be the more obvious signs of psychosis. On the other hand negative symptoms indicate deficits or absence of normal behavior which can affect sp...
Statistics show that 1%, or about 2.2 millions Americans ages 18 or older will develop schizophrenia. The most common symptoms of Schizophrenia can be grouped into thre...