Motivation Theory X
Foundation of today's organizations. These theories go back to the turn of the century and in some cases are considered by the uninformed to be simply fads which come and go. As I have discovered, these theories are rather the steps on a ladder which continually takes us higher and higher. Douglas McGregor in his book, "The Human Side of Enterprise" published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X Assumptions The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can. Because of their dislike for work, most people must be controlled and threatened before they will work hard enough. The average human prefers to be directed, dislikes responsibility, is unambiguous, and desires security above everything. These assumptions lie behind most organizational principles today, and give rise both to "tough" management with punishments and tight controls, and "soft" management which aims at harmony at work.
Two years ago, I was employed by SunTrust Bank working in their stocks & transfers department. Theory Y approach ( basic assumption is that staff will contribute more to the organization if they are treated as responsible and valued employees) was utilize with great success through out our department. The most notable is self directed work teams which are defined as a small number of people with complementary skills, who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach, for which they hold themselves mutually accountable (Katzenbach & Smith, 1993). Collaborative self directed work teams can get complex projects done at faster rates than the traditional boss-worker arrangement, because the decision making process is made faster and more effective in a team. Empowering teams to make decisions about their work also enhances satisfaction and reduces turnover (Berger, 1998). Self directed work teams involve employees in a specific area, or those who are working on a specific product or process. Self directed work teams can be any size, we usually use 5 team members but normally run no more than 12 to 15 employees. The work team makes the decisions that would normally be made by a supervisor or manager, and might interact with the company's suppliers and customers, whether they are inside or ...
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...ple's beliefs about the connection between activity and outcome. These perceptions " can be thought of as subjective probabilities and are referred to as instrumentality perceptions (Schwab 1978)." In essence, people have an idea that there is a link between performance and wage increases. The final premise of the expectancy theory " pertains to the individual's beliefs about the connection or linkage between one's effort to engage in an activity and the likelihood that the activity will be accomplished (Schwab, 1978). Crystallized, the expectancy theory of motivation states that employee motivation is high when a task is attractive in itself, and when the outcomes of the completed task are attractive to the employee. Because of the complexities of the internal nature of the expectancy theory, it is a difficult approach to take as a manager. Though it takes into account that the recognition of the outcome of an action may influence the frequency of that behavior, the expectancy theory still relies too much on the internal processes of motivation because of its basis in cognition. A far simpler way to motivate employees disengages itself from internal (intrinsic) processes and sole.
The plan paid out bonuses regularly along with paying a percentage of the labor savings each month. Which motivated all of the employees to increase their morale and increase their productivity. However, the only misleading part about the Scanlon plan was that the employees began to believe that the bonus was part of their regular paycheck, instead of relating the bonus with their own improved efforts they put into the company. Therefore, expectancy theory has been a dominant model in explaining how people make decisions regarding effort expenditure at a workplace; the conventional approach while applying the theory involved in multiplying the outcomes such as pay raise or promotion by expectancy of an outcome that will occur if a person works hard. (Biberman, G., Baril, G. L., & Kopelman, R. E., 1986, p.2). Furthermore, the results in the expectancy theory would be obtained by a motivational force score that would possibly predict work effort and job performance across the employees. So, it is ideal that the employees would respond in a positive manner to the following three essentials for them to employ extra effort and performance on a specific job. The three essentials are the following: expectancy, instrumentality and valence are linked to motivation. If an employee feels valued and rewarded for the efforts they’ve
Expectancy Theory suggests that human actions are guided by the expected results of those actions (Expectancy Theory). It proposes that humans act in a certain way only if they believe that that the action is going to result in a certain desired outcome. Therefore, this theory acknowledges that humans exercise choice on their actions. This choice is exercised in three different ways, which are classified as expectancy, Instrumentality, and valence (Expectancy Theory). Expectancy refers to the knowledge and belief that one can effectively do a particular action; instrumentality refers to the belief that one will be rewarded upon effectively executing a particular action, and valence refers to the level of value a person places on the rewards being offered after properly executing a particular action (Expectancy
McGregor has written two theories about human nature. Theory X basically assumes that people will do the least amount of work required of them. That they will need to be monitored and workers will need a set of rules for every employee to follow . There is also no incentive for them to go above their current job duty. Theory Y basically believes that if you give the employee the opportunity to do well the employee will take that opportunity and use it to the best of their abilities. They are able to set their own work goals and really strive to put their all into their career. They will be go getters that are responsible for their self and willing to do whatever the company needs from them. They will own up to any issue and trust that their co-workers will do the same (Larsson, Vinberg & Wiklund, 2007).
Most leaders believed that employees in their organization disliked work and would avoid it if they could. Daniel McGregor in his 1960 groundbreaking book The Human Side of Enterprise argued that “Those running companies were operating from a faulty assumption about human behavior” (Pink, 2009, p. 74). Managers believe employees must be coerced, controlled, directed, and threaten with punishment to acquire them to put forth an effort to achieve set objectives. McGregor’s X-Y theory suggest that there are two ways to manage people.
Theoretical framework in this study consists about the content Motivation Theories and how it can be applies to Generation Y. The first part of theoretical frameworks analyses the motivation factor that influence Generation Y to work as hotel employee. Some motivations are contradictory in different articles. Second part describes content motivation theories and the need to adapt them to fit the characteristic of Generation Y. This part also includes suggestions on how to modify the theories to suit the needs of Generation Y.
Theories of Motivation What is the motivation for this? According to the text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things; this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves.
“Motivation is the will and desire that a person has to engage in a particular behaviour or perform a particular task” (Lawley & King, P269). In life motivation will be needed to enhance the workforce in various ways, many organisations will use motivation to increase the percentage yield of an individual or to make an individual feel a part of the business or organisation. Incentives have a huge influence on behaviourist & extrinsic approach. In addition other aspects; humanist theorist, intrinsic approach, Taylorism and Fordism have a part in perception of motivation.
There are multiple examples of expectancy theory. But, I will only talk about vroom’s theory as an example. Vroom's expectancy theory “assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain” (If.eng.cam.ac.uk). Vroom shows that he understands that a representative's execution depends on individual components, for example, identity, attitudes, information, experience, and capacities. He expresses that although the employees may have a different set of goals, they can be motivated if they believe that:
In today 's society, people are compelled to enhance performance by having a voice in their work. The book Drive by Daniel H. Pink states that there is a third drive called motivation 3.0. Motivation 3.0 is a drive that values intrinsic rewards rather than external rewards. Autonomy, mastery, and purpose are three important branches that allow motivation 3.0 to flourish to its maximum potential. The first branch is autonomy and it is the notion that states humans are self-directed. Secondly, mastery consists of individuals being able to excel in one’s own practices. Lastly, purpose is the notion that allows individuals to feel value in themselves or in their doings. People who work in the business environment should use motivation 3.0 because
“Motivation is the influence or drive that causes us to behave in a specific manner and has been described as consisting of energy, direction, and sustainability” (Kroth, 2007). At the workplace, employees who are motivated are more engaged in their work and committed about working for the organization. High levels of motivation and workforce engagement can be translated to better performance, productivity and job satisfaction and direct impact on an organization’s success and thrive. According to Jim Harter, a Gallup research scientist, “engagement or the lack of it, has substantial implications for how well businesses organizations achieve their goals” (DuBrin, 2013). In his online blog, Nick Stein from SalesForce.com outlined the results of a recent research which concluded that seventy-eight percent of employees cited recognition as the main motivating factor in their career. Sixty-nine percent of employees said they would work harder if they were better recognized. Fifty-two percent of employees were not satisfied with the amount of recognition they
... and outputs will influence people’s motivation, in other words, if the expectancy was satisfied, it will increase motivation. Employees’ fairness also related to the comparison between their own rewards and others. People feel their rewards are equal to the reference people, then they subjectively fell fair which will lead to higher motivation. As the four theories’ advantages and drawbacks are obvious, need’s theory do not build to the right relationship between satisfaction and motivation, expectancy and equity theories refer to reward need to suit individuals’ needs, which connected to Maslow and Herzberg’ needs theory. Thus, management should critical use these four theories, considering employees’ needs, tying the rewards with performance and correctly access the fairness amidst employees, therefore comprehensively understand employees’ motivation.
One of the most important factors to achieving success with your business is the ability to motivate your
Lunenburg, F. (2011). Expectancy theory of motivation: motivating by altering expectations. Sam Houston State University.
According to Greenberg (1999) motivation is defined "as a process of arousing, directing and maintaining behaviour towards a goal." Where directing' refers to the selection of a particular behaviour; and maintenance' refers to the inclination to behave with consistency in that manner until the desired outcome is met.
Under the process theory of motivation we have the expectancy/valence theory develop by Victor Vroom who discovered that the individual will find reasoning to confirm that there is motivation arising from the correlation from one’s effort leading to performance and its’ the rewards. The more effort, the better the performance are expected and good performance leads to rewards. Three key elements found in expectancy/valence theory which are expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Expectancy is the probability estimates over the employee/individual’s effort resulting to a specific level of performance, Instrumentality is the probability estimates that rewards will result from a good performance and valence is the individual behavioural choice