Morphine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, with a 3D structure with 5 rings (one of which is an aromatic ring). It has a methyl group attached to a nitrogen atom, and a quaternary carbon atom which is linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms, a feature that morphine shares with many other opioids. When heated to decomposition morphine will produce nitrogen oxide gas.
IUPAC name: (4R,4aR,7S,7aR,12bS)-3-methyl-2,4,4a,7,7a,13-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7,9-diol
Molecular Formula: C17H19NO3
Molecular Weight: 285.33766 g/mol
Properties:
• Yellowish-white crystalline prisms
• Odourless
• Bitter
• Boiling point: 190oc
• Melting point 255oc
• pH of saturated solution: 8.5
Solubility:
One gram of hydrated morphine will dissolve in 5000mL of water, 1100mL of boiling water, 210mL of alcohol, 1220mL chloroform, and 10mL boiling methanol. It is slightly soluble in ammonia and benzene, moderately soluble in chloroform and alcohol mixtures, and completely
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Scientists have attempted to reproduce this biosynthetic pathway, and in August 2015 announced that they had successfully biosynthesised morphine in yeast. The process, however, would have to be 100,000 times more productive to be commercially viable.
The O-demethylation of codeine can also be used to produce morphine. A variety of reagents can be used, such as sodium propylmercaptide in dimethylformamide1 and boron tribromide in chloroform2. Another reagent, pyridine hydrochloride, was used by scientists Rapoport and Bonner to carry out the reaction of codeine conversion to morphine under nitrogen at 220oc. Because morphine decomposes and goes through an oxidation reaction at high temperatures, the nitrogenous atmosphere reduces and prevents this.
Chemistry of the usage
Naloxone [Narcan] is a structural analog of morphine that acts as a competitive antagonist at opioid receptors, thereby blocking opioid actions. Naloxone can reverse most effects of the opioid agonists, including respiratory depression, coma, and analgesia (Lehne, 2013). Naloxone may be administered IV, IM, Intranasal, or subQ. Following IV injection, effects begin almost immediately and persist about 1 hour. Following IM or subQ injection, effects begin within 2 to 5 minutes and persist several hours (Lehne, 2013).
codeine. Opiate is made of opium. Opiate can be used to reduce pain or cause sleep.
However, it provided insight in the context of Diels-Alder reaction at that time[8] and confirmed the morphine structure proposed by organic chemist Robert Robinson[9]. As a result, many chemists eventually discovered an efficient way to produce morphine. The most prominent of which was developed by Kenner C. Rice which proceeded to make 30% of the product with 14 steps[10]. His method is based on the biomimetric route that follows the Grewe cyclization which corresponds to the morphine biosynthesis[10], as illustrated in Figure
Almost one hundred years ago, prescription drugs like morphine were available at almost any general store. Women carried bottles of very addictive potent opiate based pain killers in their purse. Many individuals like Edgar Allen Poe died from such addictions. Since that time through various federal, state and local laws, drugs like morphine are now prescription drugs; however, this has not stopped the addiction to opiate based pain killers. Today’s society combats an ever increasing number of very deadly addictive drugs from designer drugs to narcotics to the less potent but equally destructive alcohol and marijuana. With all of these new and old drugs going in and out of vogue with addicts, it appears that the increase of misuse and abuse is founded greater in the prescription opiate based painkillers.
Where did this drug come from and what makes it different from any other drug that is on the market? Heroin's origins go back long before Christ was a bleep on the radar. It goes back to 1200 B.C. Or the Bronze Age. At that time how ever heroin would be known as its chemically altered state of the poppy seeds. Even at that time however the ancient peoples of that time knew that if the poppy seeds juice were collected and dried. the extract that was left behind could make a effective painkiller. This would later be named opium. There were small incidents of it appearing in Europe, for instance it was used by the gladiators in the Roman Colosseum. But as a whole it would take more then a millennium for opium to travel from the Middle East to the Europe. This only occurred do to crusades. In just a few hundred after that is went from a rarely used painkiller to a liquid that was said to cure all aliments and would even lead to the most humiliating defeat China Empire. In the 1803 opium became dwarfed by its new brother morphine which is named in honor of the Greek god Morpheus who is the god of dreams. Morphine is an extract of opium and is ruffly 10 times the strength of its counter part. After Morphine creation it was put to used almost at once to assist battle field victims. This was a mistake however, because this refined does of opium is also 10 times more addicting then it was in its original form. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers would retur...
There are different forms of Opioids manufactured such as Morphine, Oxycodone, Buprenorphine, Hydrocodone, and Methadone. They are marketed under different brands such as Demerol, Oxycontin, Tylox, Percocet, and Vicodin and can be prescribed in liquid, tablets, capsules, and patches.
As early as, 1810 morphine an opium derivative was being used and marketed as a wonder drug for pain. However, many patients developed an addiction problem as a result of using morphine. Around 1874, heroin, considered a new drug and the answer to the morphine addiction was invented by a German physician. This new wonder drug was imported to America shortly after its invention. (Heilig) (Narconon) Physicians in America thought this new drug was the solution to the increasing number of morphine addicted patients. The new wonder drug was very appealing to doctors as it was marketed as safe and non-addictive alternative to morphine. (Narconon). Sales of heroin were unregulated therefore, heroin was administered to kids and adults for all types of physical and mental ailments. By the 1920, Congress began to recognize the danger associated with heroin and other drugs. The Dangerous Drug Act was enacted with new laws that deemed these drugs illegal and put federal regulations on their distribution. Nevertheless, this action was already too late the heroin addiction had already taken hold and has been present in the American culture since.
In 1960 Heroin addiction grew and scientists were looking for something to help in detoxing addicts. During withdraw...
Opium was first used mainly for medical purposes before the 17th century, the transition from a recreational drug was marked by the change from swallowing the compound raw, to mixing it with tobacco and smoking it (Chang 1964). Although the morphine component...
The discovery of morphine, which occurred in 1803, transformed the medical treatment of pain and chronic diseases (Levinthal, 2005). Morphine, a narcotic or opioid, is widely used in the medical field today and is specifically used therapeutically to treat moderate to severe pain in individuals. The most common routes of administration for morphine are oral and intravenous administration (Angel, Gould, Carey, 1998). Morphine acts by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and thus reduces the perception of pain and emotional responses to pain (Weil and Winifred, 2004). The paper will focus on the therapeutic uses of morphine for individuals. Morphine is used in the treatment of pain with individuals suffering from cancer and acute myocardial infarction. Morphine is also administered to patients after surgery to decrease pain and is even thought to decrease the chances of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (Busse, 2006; Herlitz, Hjalmarson, and Waagstein, 1989; Levin, 2010).
A common recreational drug that is illegally dealt is Heroin. To many this drug is known by a few slang/street names, some being; smack, brown stone and junk (Tracy, 2012). Heroin is a highly addictive opiate that caused many different issues regarding physical and mental health. It can be consumed in 3 different ways: snorting, injecting and smoking. The original purpose of heroin is far different then the purpose that it is used for today in society. In 1874, heroin was first produced from morphine and 24 years later began its journey in the field of medicine to help morphine addicted patients (Scott, 1998). After use of the medicine it became present that the drug was just as addictive as morphine and was in turn creating patients to become addicted to the new drug. In 1902, doctors ceased the use of heroin in the medical field and a few years following, 8 years later, the first case of a heroin addict was admitted to a hospital for treatment (Scott, 1998). The drug is no longer used for a medical purposes but is still present in the legal drug selling market. Many countries have stiff penalties if caught in possession of or are selling heroin, because this drug is listed as a Class A drug (“Opium, Morphine, Heroin”, n.d.).
Absorption: The absorption of opioid drugs into the bloodstream is largely dependent on the user’s chosen route of administration for the drug, dosage, and lipid solubility. Most NMPOs are taken orally, and absorbed into the bloodstream from the walls of the intestine. Some abusers crush and convert whole prescription pills into powders that can be smoked, snorted, and injected easily. Alternative routes of administration enable users to combine NMPO active compounds with other drugs for a unique effect as well as increase drug bioavailability. More specifically, alternate routes of administration also result in a more potent and rapid delivery of drug to the brain, which often increases to the abuse potential of the drug (Kollins, 2003; Roset et al., 2001). Studies using nationally representative samples report that men use these alternative routes of administration more frequently than women (Back et al., 2011, 2010; Green et al., 2009). Back et al. reported in 2011, a striking disproportion between men and women in this regard; the majority of men in their sample reported frequently snorting (75%), or injecting (42%) their drugs, while women were much more likely to use NMPOs via oral administration (Back, Lawson et al., 2011).
Substance addiction is becoming an epidemic. While some people can quit using a substance without any help, most people need help to their recovery. Narcotics anonymous is an important support group for our society. There are many different narcotic anonymous programs to join that have meetings throughout the week. The members of the support group all share one thing in common, they suffer from different types of chemical dependency. Members help each other because they have the same problems and worries that everyone in the room has. Though they may be struggling with different stages in their life, for the most part, they all relate to what each is going through. Just as AA, NA focuses on the 12-step program. The members of
The issue of opioid abuse and dependence is an issue that we must deal with. Too many people are misusing and abusing these serious drugs. Currently, here in the United States 142 people die every day as a result of drug overdose and opioids make up about two-thirds of them ("Opioid Abuse," n.d.). That is an absurd number. The main demographic that is at risk for narcotics addiction and abuse is teenagers in high school, who are have their wisdom teeth removed. These adolescents or teenagers are 33% more likely to abuse and misuse narcotics later in life due to the prescription of opioid and narcotic painkillers (Miech, Johnston, O'Malley, Keyes, & Heard, n.d.). Narcotics are a huge issue and we must deal with this problem, promptly. This narcotics crisis is monumental and staggering, and thus needs to come to an end.
Potent pain medication contains the aspects of utilizing medications such as morphine or demerol, how the medications are dispensed, and t...