American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies. Ed. Leonard Unger. Vol. 2: Ralph Waldo Emerson to Carson McCullers.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. "Declaration of Sentiments." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter, et al.
“The Art of Fiction.” The Heath Anthology of American Literature Volume C Late Nineteenth Century 1865-1910. Ed. Suzanne P. Weir. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. 320-334.
Male, Roy R. Hawthorne's Tragic Vision. Austin: Texas University Press, 1957. Marder, Daniel. Exiles at Home: A Story of Literature in Nineteenth Century America. Lanham: University Press of America, Inc., 1984.
Martin Seymour-Smith. London : Shuckburgh Reynolds Ltd., 1980, 154-155. Wagenknecht, Edward. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” Cavalcade of the American Novel. New York : Henry Holt and Company, 1952, 90, 9, 20, 25, 38-57.
New York, NY: Signet Classic, 1961. Print. Platt, Len. Aristocracies of Fiction: The Idea of Aristocracy in Late-nineteenth-century and Early-twentieth-century Literary Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001.
He was the second of nine children. He never developed a close relationship with his father, but he was very close to his mother. When he was four, he moved to Brooklyn where he went to school for six years and, when he was eleven, dropped out and began work as a clerk in a Law Office. Shortly thereafter, he became a typesetter’s apprentice. He then began to teach school on Long Island.
In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume II. Edited by Paul Lauter et al. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991: 1471-1485.
Van Doren, Mark. " The Scarlet Letter" [1949]. Hawthorne: A Collection of Critical Essays. A. N. Kaul, ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.
• Pizer, Donald. "Late Nineteenth-Century American Realism: An Essay in Definition." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 16 (1961): 263-269. • Rouse, H. Blair. "Charles Dickens and Henry James: Two Approaches to the Art of Fiction."