Infectious Mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis (colloquially known as mono) is frequently called the kissing disease. The virus that causes mono is called Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is one of the multiple human herpes viruses that are carried asymptomatically by most people. Primary infection is particularly usual in childhood and establishes a lifelong carrier state where the virus remains latent. The EBV replicates frequently in the oropharyngeal epithelial cells and circulating B-lymphocytes, since they are the principal targets of the virus.
Mononucleosis is mainly a disease of higher socioeconomic groups and it is rare in developing countries. The majority of cases occur in adolescents and young adults; however, children
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Gedatus, G. M. (2000). Chapter 1: What Is Mononucleosis? In, Mononucleosis (Capstone Press) (p. 4). Capstone Press.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis Streptococcal pharyngitis (colloquially known as strep throat) is an infection caused by a Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium, which also forms a category called Group A Beta Hemolytic Strep (GABHS). They are responsible for various diseases, however strep throat is the most epidemic. S. pyogenes is the causative agent of over 10 million of skin and throat infections reported every year. Strep throat can be spread through direct or airborne contact, although it can be spread through food and objects handled by infected individuals. In order for S. pyogenes to survive, it needs to get into the blood stream through the oral or nasal cavities, cuts, wounds, lesions, etc. Also, children and immunosuppressed individuals are at high risk. People who become into contact with the bacterium are asymptomatic for 2 to 5 days.
Symptoms
The symptoms of strep throat include, anorexia, sore throat, sore neck glands, headache, abdominal pain or/and vomiting (in some cases), dysphagia, general malaise, and
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Taking into consideration the two prior diseases, if the patient is diagnosed with mono but she or he has actually strep throat or vice versa: 1. If strep is not treated with antibiotics, kidney failure may occur as well as other repercussions. 2. If a patient with mono is prescribed antibiotics and resolve regular activities including contact sports, splenic rupture may occur. Even though they seem like two very simple diseases, the consequences can be fatal. It is very easy to misdiagnose a patient when the symptoms are so similar, therefore, it is wise to confirm diagnosis via other methods such as seeking for a second opinion, getting more medical tests, and researching more
R.S. has chronic bronchitis. According to the UC San Francisco Medical Center “Chronic bronchitis is a common type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which the air passages in the lungs — the bronchi — are repeatedly inflamed, leading to scarring of the bronchi walls. As a result, excessive amounts of sticky mucus are produced and fill the bronchial tubes, which become thickened, impeding normal airflow through the lungs.” (Chronic Bronchitis 2015) There are many things that can be observed as clinical findings. R.S. will have a chronic cough that has lasted from 3 months to two years or more, and a lot of sputum. The sputum is due to
"Streptococcal pharyngitis," more commonly known as strep throat, usually appears suddenly with severe sore throat pain and is highly contagious. Immediate treatment is required and will cost $111 at an urgent care clinic and $531 at an ER.
It is not unusual for some healthy women to harbor Group B streptococcus bacteria in their rectum and vagina. These microorganisms do not usually cause disease when few in number, but when they grow in number and colonize these areas, bacterial infection can become severe.
Croup: Croup is another common airway inflammation caused by virus that can affect the trachea, larynx and possibility the bronchi (Murray, Sidani, & Zoorob, 2011) thus causing infection in the upper respiratory tract. Murray et al. describes it as the most common illness in children under the age of 6 to 36 months and cause for cough mostly when a child cries; acute stridor and hoarseness in febrile children (Murray et al., 2011). It can be a life-threatening situation in the life of the young infant and the family. Croup symptoms exhibit as hoarseness, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory distress. I chose this diagnosis as my first preference because when I read the mother’s subjective report it matches that of croup symptoms: a barking cough, no fever, severe at night and when the baby cries, fatigue due to excessiveness of the tears, pain due to inflames and swollen of the airway. Murray et al., led us to understand that the etiologies of this viral causing agent can be traced to the parainfluenza viruses, type 1. (2011). This virus is commonly spread through contact or droplet secretion.
Merriam-Webster defines mononucleosis as: "an acute infectious disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by fever, swelling of lymph nodes, and lymphocytosis."1 It is more commonly called "mono," or "the kissing disease." When I was thirteen, I caught this dreaded disease, and it changed the ways I acted around my friends forever.
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
Mononucleosis is known to be caused by the Epstein_Barr virus (EBV), which can be passed by coughing, sneezing or saliva transfer, where it gets it’s popular name, the “kissing disease';. Much like chicken pox, most people don’t receive mononucleosis a second time in their life, but it can happen. Relapses can occur, but are fairly uncommon. Although you can receive the disease very easily, mononucleosis is not highly contagious, according to the majority of sources.
Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome vary from case to case. Additionally, the symptoms vary also based on whether the toxic shock was caused from Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogens.
Mumps is primarily a childhood disease, occurring most frequently between the ages of 5 to 9, although it was also known as a problem for soldiers during war because of the sanitary conditions and close proximity. For instance, in World War I only influenza and gonorrhea were more prevalent among the armies. It replicates inside the nose, throat, and regional lymph nodes. The virus incubates for about 14-18 days, and then a viremia occurs for about 3-5 days. During the viremia it can spread to the meninges, salivary glands, testes, ovaries and pancreas. Out of the infected population, 30 to 40% get swollen parotid salivary glands, with most of the rest being asymptomatic or having only respiratory problems. Around 60% of patients have asymptomatic meningitis, with up to 15% progressing to symptomatic. Encephalitis is also possible, occurring in around 5/100,000 cases. The encephalitis almost always results in some permanent hearing loss, and was historically the leading cause of hearing loss in children. Orchitis (testicular swelling) happens in up to 50% of post-pubertal males, with oophritis (ovarian swelling) happening in only 5% of women. Orchitis often results in testicular atrophy but very rarely in sterility.
(Nemours, 1995-2011) The two main bacteria precipitating Impetigo are staphylococcus aureus, the most common cause, and streptococcus pyogenes. If left untreated, streptococcus pyogenes can also cause post-streptococcal glumerulonephritis, or a disease that causes inflammation of the kidney to occur following a strep throat infection. Although this is rare, standard precautions must still be taken to prevent these repercussions. Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes are the main causes of impetigo, but they are not the only.
Tamparo, C. D. & Lewis, M. A. (2011). Diseases of the human body. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Recent research shows that, there are three major means by which infections can be transmitted and they include direct transmission, indirect transmission and airborne transmission (Hinman,Wasserheit and Kamb,1995). Direct transmission occurs when the physical contact between an infected person and s susceptible person takes place (division of public health, 2011). An example is a health care worker who attends to an Ebola patient, without gloves, gown and mask plus forget to wash his or her hand with soap and hot water and or a person having flu without the use of mask or washes his hand after sneezing easily passes the infection to the other through hand shake or surface touch, living the bacteria there for another vulnerable person to also touch if the surface is not disinfected with bleach. Studies makes it clear that, the spreads takes effect when disease-causing microorganisms pass from the infected person to the healthy person through direct physical contact such as touching of blood, body fluids, contact with oral secretion, bites kissing, contact with body lesions and even sexual contact. However, measles and chicken pox are said to be conditions spread by direct
Mononucleosis, also called "mono,” or the kissing virus. Mononucleosis is a virus that is spread usually through teens and young adults from kissing. Mono is caused by the Epstein –Barr virus (EBV). Teen who have mono mostly goes unnoticed because the symptoms are mild. Mononucleosis can be spread from person to person through tears and from mucus in the throat and nose. It can also be contracted from sharing drinks, off of spoon and forks and sharing a tooth brush, also saliva. That is why it is given the name the” kissing disease.”
Streptococcus pyogenes is a very common bacteria found in humans. It is very transmissible and can be caught through the air via coughing or sneezing. This form of Strep. illness is referred to as Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as Strep. throat, which can complicate into Scarlet Fever. It is also possible to be infected through abrasions of the skin, which can result in cellulitis, impetigo, or even necrotizing fasciitis. Aside from human to human contact, these bacteria can also be found in unpasteurized milk. There is no vaccine for Streptococcal infections, though antibiotics such as penicillin still work very well against them.
“Group A strep bacteria can live in a person’s nose and throat. The bacteria spread through contact with droplets from an infected person’s cough or sneeze” (CDC, Jan 2017). Even coughing on one's hands and touching others can help spread this unique condition, sharing straws or eating utensils, but coughing and sneezing are by far the easiest way to transmit this condition.