1. Introduction In 2007, the financial crisis broke out and damaged many countries’ economies across the globe. Central banks around the world took actions to react with a series of monetary policy. Many central banks like European central bank(ECB), Federal Reserve (FED) lowered their interest rate to around zero in 2009. Because of the constraint of Zero Lower Bound(ZLB), the conventional monetary policy(CMP) is no longer efficient. Therefore, the conventional monetary policy instrument that focus on a short run interest rate converting into concentrate on the adjustment of central’s balance sheet, which is the unconventional monetary policy(UMP). ECB and FED have implemented unconventional policy such as purchasing the government debts and lowering the requirement of loan collateral. …show more content…
Unconventional monetary policy of ECB and FED The unconventional monetary policy took by ECB from 2008 to 2012 is shown as below. Table 1: Summary of ECB unconventional monetary policy measures since
-2. The background of the financial crisis.—what kind of monetary policy the federal reserve made?
Quantitative easing is an unusual form of policy used when interest rates are near 0%. Banks rouse the nationwide financial system when usual monetary policies have become ineffective. In recent decades the government Central bank has argued they are the government’s most important financial agency.
In this paper I will explain which of the monetary tools available to the Federal Reserve are most often used and the reasons for that. I will also describe how expansionary activated conducted by the Federal Reserve impact credit avilaiblilty, the money supply, interest rates and security prices, and to conclude I will show the result of the transactions in the form of a balance sheet supposing the Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve and Macroeconomic Factors Introduction The Federal Reserve controls the economy of the United States through a variety of tools. They use these tools to shape the monetary policy of the United States in order to promote economic growth and reduce the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate. By adjusting these tools, the Fed is able to control the amount of money in the supply. By controlling the amount of money, the Fed can affect the macro-economic indicators and steer the economy away from runaway inflation or a recession.
The above diagram shows the inflation rate of Euroarea. During recession, the inflation rate of Euroarea did not fell a lot. This shows that ECB policy was successful to kept the inflation rate around the normal rate that is 2%.
In the year 2001 the Discount Rate was steadily decreasing. This indicated that the Fed was trying to get commercial banks to borrow more resources. This is part of the easy money policy, in which bank loans become more available as well as less expensive thus making them more attractive. This would increase demand and employment. The easy money policy is acted on when the economy is on or near a recession and unemployment is high.
A theme that dominates modern discussions of macro policy is the importance of expectations, and economists have devoted a great deal of thought to expectations and the economy. Change in expectations can shift the aggregate demand (AD) curve; expectations of inflation can cause inflation. For this reason expectations are central to all policy discussions, and what people believe policy will be significantly influences the effectiveness of the policy.
Poole W. The monetary policy model. Business Economics [serial online]. October 2006;41(4):7-10. Available from: EconLit with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed January 10, 2012.
The Federal Reserve System is the central bank which regulates and controls the monetary and banking system. Their primary focus is to regulate the health of the economy as a whole and implements monetary policy to help increase the money supply during a downturn, and restrict the money supply during periods of excessive growth. During periods when the economy faces high inflation, federal reserve will use contractionary monetary policy by decreasing money supply which in turn results in higher interest rates, lower investment spending, and lower consumer spending. In contrast, when the economy encounters a recession, federal reserve will utilize expansionary monetary policy by cutting interest rates or increasing the money supply to boost economic activity. During expansionary monetary policy, higher investment spending will raise income and higher consumer spending will help the economy. A tight (contractionary) monetary policy occurs when Federal reserve (central bank) raises the
Something that almost every person in America has in their wallet is money, whether it be 20 dollars or a one dollar bill. We all use money every day to eat, survive, and get around. The money supply in America can effect a single person to a large firm like the Apple Corporation. In this paper I am going to discuss the purpose money, how the government has the chance to influence the amount of money in our economy, and the monetary policy affects the Apple Corporation.
In the study of macroeconomics there are several sub factors that affect the economy either favorably or adversely. One dynamic of macroeconomics is monetary policy. Monetary policy consists of deliberate changes in the money supply to influence interest rates and thus the level of spending in the economy. “The goal of a monetary policy is to achieve and maintain price level stability, full employment and economic growth.” (McConnell & Brue, 2004).
Monetary and fiscal policy and their applications to the third world countries with a huge informal sector
The term Monetary policy refers to the method through which a country’s monetary authority, such as the Federal Reserve or the Bank of England control money supply for the aim of promoting economic stability and growth and is primarily achieved by the targeting of various interest rates. Monetary policy may be either contractionary or expansionary whereby a contractionary policy reduces the money supply, reduces the rate at which money is supplied or sets about an increase in interest rates. Expansionary policies on the other hand increase the supply of money or lower the interest rates. Interest rates may also be referred to as tight if their aim is to reduce inflation; neutral, if their aim is neither inflation reduction nor growth stimulation; or, accommodative, if aimed at stimulating growth. Monetary policies have a great impact on the economic stability of a country and if not well formulated, may lead to economic calamities (Reinhart & Rogoff, 2013). The current monetary policy of the United States Federal Reserve while being accommodative and expansionary so as to stimulate growth after the 2008 recession, will lead to an economic pitfall if maintained in its current state. This paper will examine this current policy, its strengths and weaknesses as well as recommendations that will ensure economic stability.
Ashworth, J. (2013). Quantitative Easing by the Major Western Central Banks During the Global Financial Crisis. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2013_Q000016#header
In 2008, the world experienced a tremendous financial crisis which is rooted from the U.S housing market. Moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recessions since the Great Depression in 1930s. After bringing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverished individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resulted in the collapse of massive financial institutions such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers and AIG. These collapses not only influenced own countries but also international scale. Hence, the intervention of governments by changing and expanding the monetary and fiscal policy or giving bailout is needed in order to eliminate and control enormous effects of the financial crisis.