Monetarism is one of the economic schools of thought, which states that the money supply (the total amount of money in an economy) is the chief determinant on the demand-side of short-run economic activity. Monetarism was largely spread by the leading monetarism exponent, Milton Friedman who had created a macroeconomic theory that money supply should remain steady in order for the economy to grow. Monetarism is largely different from Keynesian economic school of thought in which they state that the government is the chief determinant. Although both schools of thoughts have their strength and weaknesses, this paper will focus largely on monetarism. Is monetarism a valid economic theory? In other words, how well does Monetarism predict the economic movements particularly by the money supply? But before finding and plotting out answers, the monetary theory must be well defined.
The origin of monetarism dates back to 1945 when an American economist Clark Warburton was first credited for making the first solid monetarist interpretation of the business cycle. During this period however, monetarism was not well-known throughout the economy largely because economies did not severely experienced any major inflations as they remained stable and Keynesian economics were working up until the 1960s. However in the 1970s, economies around the world experienced high inflation and hyperinflations due to economic crises, oil shocks, slow growth, and high unemployment. Governments all over the world experienced high debt and stagflation, which is a state of high inflation and high unemployment. The Keynesian theory, which advocated increase in government spending, did not seem to have any effect during this period since spending more simply increa...
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The policy that the Australian government issued was simple: controlling the money supply. The Reserve Bank Board controls the money supply, which is in charge of the monetary policy. From day to day, the Board issues a target cash rate (rate charged on overnight loans between financial intermediaries) to maintain conditions in the market. This directly ties into monetarism since the theory focuses on money supply. However, the monetarism theory does not adequately explain why the policy was successful. This is because according to long-term monetarism, the influence of money supply is only on the price level. In the Australian monetary policy, the money supply in the long-term is not controlled by price level, but through cash rates. Thus monetarism does not explain why the Australian inflation has been decreasing and kept mostly steady for 20 years.
principles of Keynesian economics: one must possess money in order to make money. If a
Monetary Policy is another policy used in Keynesianism which is a list of protocols designed to regulate the economy by setting the amount of money that is in circulation and controlled interest levels. The Federal Reserve system, also known as the central banking system in the U.S., which holds control of this policy. Monetary policy has three tools used by the Federal Reserve to enforce this policy. Reserve Requirement is the first tool that determines the lowest amount of money a bank must possess and is not able to lend out. The second way to enforce monetary policy is by using the discount rate or the interest rate a bank will charge.
John Maynard Keynes classical approach to economics and the business cycle has dominated society, especially the United States. His idea was that government intervention was necessary in a properly functioning economy. One economic author, John Edward King, claimed of the theory that:
There is perhaps no other political issue in our contemporary society that is more pertinent, pervasive, and encompassing than a nation’s economy. From the first coins used in Greece and the Asia Minor in the 7th century BCE, to the earliest uses of paper money, history has proven time and time again that the control of a region’s economy is absolutely crucial to maintaining social stability and prosperity. Yet, for over a century scholars have continued to speculate why the United States, one of the world’s strongest and most influential countries, has one of the most unstable economies. Although the causes of this economic instability can be attributed to multiple factors, nearly all economists agree that they have a common ancestor: the Federal Reserve Bank – the official central bank of the United States. Throughout the course of this paper, I will attempt to determine whether or not there is a causal relationship between the Federal Reserve Bank’s monetary policies and the decline of the U.S. economy. I will do this through a brief analysis of the history and role of this institution, in addition to the central banking system in general. In turn, I will argue that the reckless and intentional manipulation of the economy by the Federal Reserve Bank, through inflation and the abolishment of the gold standard, has led to the current economic crisis in the United States.
There are two major views on the government’s role in the economy, the Keynesian view, and laissez faire. The Keynesian view is often held by liberals and democrats. This is the belief that it is the government’s responsibility to regulate and attempt to manipulate the economy. This is often characterized by taxing and subsidizing, and redistribution of wealth. The laissez faire philosophy is held by republicans and libertarians. In a laissez faire economy, the market determines where the money flows. Those who participate in the market determine the supply and demand with the way they spend their time and money.
Over the past five years the Australian economy has gone through many changes experiencing both the peaks and troughs associated with business cycle.
The idea of the globalisation of Australian businesses, the process where businesses develop themselves internationally is one of the main issues in our current society. The concept of globalisation has occurred due to many factors, such as reduced trade barriers, a reduction in tariffs and quotas, new developments in technology and also new innovations in transportation technology. These factors that have caused globalisation can result in many consequences, both positive and negative. These consequences are free trade caused by a reduction in tariffs and environmental costs such as pollution caused by factories and greenhouse gasses causing global warming.
The problem with balancing an economy is that human judgment and evaluation of economic situations enter into the equation. Establishing a constant growth level in the money supply would eliminate the decision making process of the central banker. The problem with human intervention is the short-sided nature of many of the policies designed to aid the economy. Such interventions, which yields unintended negative consequences, is the result of the time inconsistency problem. This problem is understood through situations during which central bankers conduct monetary policy in a discretionary way and pursue expansionary policies that are attractive in the short-run, but lead to detrimental long-run outcomes. Friedman believes that by leaving money growth decisions to an individual, the results are poor long-run management and eventually high inflation rates, an obvious detriment to the economy.
The term Monetary policy refers to the method through which a country’s monetary authority, such as the Federal Reserve or the Bank of England control money supply for the aim of promoting economic stability and growth and is primarily achieved by the targeting of various interest rates. Monetary policy may be either contractionary or expansionary whereby a contractionary policy reduces the money supply, reduces the rate at which money is supplied or sets about an increase in interest rates. Expansionary policies on the other hand increase the supply of money or lower the interest rates. Interest rates may also be referred to as tight if their aim is to reduce inflation; neutral, if their aim is neither inflation reduction nor growth stimulation; or, accommodative, if aimed at stimulating growth. Monetary policies have a great impact on the economic stability of a country and if not well formulated, may lead to economic calamities (Reinhart & Rogoff, 2013). The current monetary policy of the United States Federal Reserve while being accommodative and expansionary so as to stimulate growth after the 2008 recession, will lead to an economic pitfall if maintained in its current state. This paper will examine this current policy, its strengths and weaknesses as well as recommendations that will ensure economic stability.
The greatest question many have sought to answer is the creation vs. evolution debate. How did we get here? Were we created or did we evolve randomly? Are we the product of purposeful intelligence or are we the result of countless mistakes? Does it even matter? The story of money is similar to the story of humanity. Was money created or did it evolve. If it was created we can assume it will die. If money evolved then we can assume the future is unknown. In his book, The Ascent of Money a financial history of the world, Neil Ferguson historic analysis of money answers many of these questions. Ferguson believes money essentially mirrors mankind, magnifying back to us our progress, failures, values and weaknesses.” (The Ascent of Money, 358) The history of money shares many similarities to the history of man; Ferguson parallels between finance and Darwinism, illustrating the natural mechanism of our financial ecosystem that evolves, creates, competes, and dies.
My research of Classical Economics and Keynesian Economics has given me the opportunity to form an opinion on this greatly debated topic in economics. After researching this topic in great lengths, I have determined the Keynesian Economics far exceeds greatness for America compared to that of Classical Economics. I will begin my paper by first addressing my understanding of both economic theories, I will then compare and contrast both theories, and end my paper with my opinions on why I believe Keynesian Economics is what is best for America.
The theory of economics does not furnish a body of settled conclusions immediately applicable to policy. It is a method rather than a doctrine, an apparatus of the mind, a technique for thinking, which helps the possessor to draw correct conclusions. The ideas of economists and politicians, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed the world is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist." (John Maynard Keynes, the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money p 383)
Money supply is the availability of money in the hands of the public (economy) that can be used to purchase goods, services and securities. In macroeconomics, the price of money is equivalent to the rate of interest. There's an inverse relationship between money supply and interest rates. As money supply increases, interest will decrease. On the other hand, interest will increases as money supply decreases. It is very important to understand that the economy works at market equilibrium. There are several factors affecting money supply; and these contributing factors will be the main focus of this paper. Understanding the basic principle on money supply is imperative to have a good grasp on the macroeconomic impact of money supply on business operations.
Most of the economists agreed high inflation is caused by the excess growth of money supply .According to M.Freidman’sdictimum said inflation is a monetary phenomena he developed a monetarism model which is on three bases:the quantity theory, the expectation augmented Phillips curve and Okun’s law. In this model he taught the real effect generate due to growth of money supply .Another important aspect of relationshi...
Monetarism theorises that inflation is associated with the money supply of an economy. For instance, taking after the Spanish triumph of the Aztec and Inca domains, huge measures of gold and particularly silver streamed into the Spanish and other European economies. Subsequent to the cash supply had quickly expanded, costs spiked and the estimation of cash fell, adding to financial breakdown.