Department of Political Science and Humanities
The Final Research Paper
December 4th, 2013
State Building and Political Development
Kohistani ID# 8709
Professor: Isaqzadeh
State Building (POL-335)-Sections One
The 2013 Fall Semester
Modernization in Afghanistan vs. India
The political scientists, economists, philosophers, and other scientists have different views and ideas about development and modernization such as, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Lenin, Baron, and Frank are the different scientist that introduced development theory. Similarly, this paper offers a discussion of modernization theory between two Asian countries; which is Afghanistan modern era during king Amanullah khan and India in the colonial power by British. I want to elaborate their reform toward modernization, that how they completed their reforms, what were the advantages and dis advantages of these reforms. How the reforms did were benefit for the people and both countries transformed modernization politically, economically, socially, and technologically. However, according to the modernization theory in these two countries was not happened by same factors, both have deferent ideology, deferent views, and deferent strategies.
Afghanistan is a mountain country which is located in central Asia and established in 1747 by Ahmad Shad Baba. He mostly interested to form an empire and a macro society from different ethnic tribes, but he did not established legal institutions and strong government with strong army he use his personalized skill and he mainly rely on the resources and booties of India because he did not collect taxes from ...
... middle of paper ...
...em under one umbrella with common interest and enemy.
Bibliography
Brewer, A., 2001. Marxist Theories of Imperialism. A Critical Survey , pp. 116-123.
Dallmayr, F., June 1993. MODERNIZATION AND POSTMODERNIZATION:THEORETICAL COMMENTS ON INDIA. pp. 1-29.
Emily Dubie, S. A. C., n.d. Defying Modernization Theory: The Case of India. pp. 1-11.
LANKESTER, T., 2004. ‘ASIAN DRAMA’: THE PURSUIT OF MODERNIZATION IN INDIA AND INDONESIA. Routledge, 5(3), pp. 1-14.
M.A.UDAY KUMAR PhD., 09-12 JULY 2006. A SELF-SUSTAINABLE CIVIL SOCIETY THROUGH RISING CONSCIOUNESS: A STUDY OF SOLIGARA ABHIVRUDHDHI SANGHA (SAS) IN INDIA. pp. 1-5.
Picneton : Princeton University Press, pp. 155-163.
Tilly, C., 1985. War Making and State Making as Organized crime. pp. 183-186.
Saikal, A., 2006. Modern Afghanisatn A History of Struggle and Survival. New York : I.B.Tauris .
"Mir Tamim Ansary - Afghan American Author and Lecturer." Mir Tamim Ansary Afghan American Author and Lecturer. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2013.
Even after Amir and his father flew to America one afternoon decades ago, still haunts him. Amir’s inaction that day impacts the rest of his life and leads to lies, betrayal, and guilt. He desires to be forgiven for his sin and does everything he can to find redemption. Amir is hopeful that “there is a way to be good again”(Hosseini 2). Social and ethnic tensions: The Kite Runner gives us a look at Afghanistan before the Soviet invasion and then after.
Jalali, Ali Ahmad, and Lester W. Grau. Afghan Guerrilla Warfare - In the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters. St. Paul: MBI Publishing Company, 2001.
The Taliban, a forceful political association against women’s rights, ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 (Hayes, Brunner, and Rowen). Predominantly, they believe in the religion of Islam, as do most Afghans, and that males are the dominant gender (Hayes, Brunner, and Rowen). They controlled Afghanistan under their “version” of the Islamic laws which many others did not agree with (Campaign for Afghan Women and Girls). The Taliban is composed of Afghan men of various ages who did not grow up in Afghanistan, therefore know little about their country’s culture (Campaign for Afghan Women and Girls). The leader of the Taliban from 1994 to 2001 was Mohammed Omar, a religious leader that, over time, gained more and more followers (Bellamy). Eventually he ousted the Afghanistan government and gained control of the country (Bellamy). The Taliban only ruled for five years, but what they did has left a scarring mark on the country of Afghanistan.
When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan on December 1979, the goal was to help Afghan communist forces set up a communist government. The Soviet Union felt Afghanistan had key resources and a foothold in the Middle East to spread communist ideas. The result would be a war that the Soviet Union wishes it never got involved in and likened to their “Vietnam War”, meaning winning a number of battles but not the war like what happened to the U.S. in Vietnam. The background of the war, outcome of the war, and impact on the United States are key to understanding the Soviet-Afghan War.
Modernity. A major sociological concept that explains social change would be modernity. Modernity explains the changes in social patterns that result in a nation industrializing (Macionis, Jansson, & Benoit, 2009). Since the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan, the Afghan people have been struggling to make social improvements to their living conditions (Kowaluk & Staples, 2008). The current Afghan government held by Hamid Karzai has been generally unpopular because the changes to living conditions have been very slow (Kow...
The next theory is the modernization theory, which is the basis for the rest of the essay. The modernization theory is that since the West led the push to modernization, many components of Western culture are embedded in modern society. “As the first civilization to modernize, the West is the first to have fully acquired the culture of modernity.” This theory also heavily relies on the idea that in order to modernize, the country must Westernize and lose its traditional culture. It is then proposed that although in present day many societies are modern, it does not mean they are all the same.
The Web. 11 Feb 2014. Mondloch, Chris. A. “Bacha Bazi: An Afghan Tragedy.” Foreign Policy.
One aspect of the novel that highlights this struggle is its setting, as it takes place during four time periods, each at a different stage in Afghan history. Throughout these unstable decades, the country’s government went through continuous upheavals with each new government advocating different
Afghanistan since its beginning has been a place of conflict, despair, and at times lost hope. It has been taken advantage of and lost its sense of identity, which has had a direct effect on its people, and there own sense of what justice truly is.
India, the second highest populated country in the world after China, with 1.27 billion people currently recorded to be living there and equates for 17.31% (India Online Pages 2014) of the world's population, but is still considered a developing country due to it’s poverty and illiteracy rates. As these nations continue to grow at rates that are too fast for resources to remain sustainable, the government’s in these areas wi...
BOSE, Sugata and JALAL Ayesha. Modern South Asia: history, culture, political economy. London, Routledge, 2011
The history of tribal oppression in India is an old one. “The Sanyasi Revolt”, “The Wahabi Movement”, and “The Naxalbari Rebellion”, are evidence of the tribal outcry that appropriately foregrounds their requirement for fundamental rights as citizens of the country. Even after sixty six years of independence, India’s rural poor and tribals are lamenting under the curbing effects of destitution, unemployment, undernourishment, illiteracy and human trafficking. For these people, the notions of liberty, equality and democracy have no meaning at all. Though the country is free from the bondage of foreign rule, their repression and prejudices still continue leaving them dependent on their new masters.
Aparna, Bhargava. Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, and Urban Performance in India Since 1947. New York: University of Iowa Press, 2009.
Modernization is the term used for the transition from the traditional society of the past to modern society as it is found today in the West. Modernization theory refers to a variety of non-Marxist perspectives which have been put forward to explain the development or underdevelopment of countries. Modernization theory is a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of differing levels of technological development among societies. Modernization theory presents the idea that by introducing modern methods in "technology, agricultural production for trade, and industrialization dependent on a mobile labour force," the underdeveloped countries will experience a strengthening in their economies. Modernization theory offers an account of the common features of the process of development drawing on the analysis of Durkheim and Weber. Development implies the bridging of these gaps by an imitative process, occurring in stages, such that traditional sectors and/or countries gradually assume the qualities of the 'modern' western countries. There are many proponents of Modernization Theory, such as, Walter Rostow, W.A. Lewis, Talcott Parsons, and Daniel Lerner, however the theory has it's roots in the ideas of Durkheim and Weber. The proponents of the modernization theory all felt that the rest of the world needed to look to the Western model of modernity and pattern their society like the West in order to progress. Modernization theory was developed as an alternative to the Marxist account of social development. Modernization Theory Divides the World into two kinds of societies: "modern" and "traditional." Traditional societies are backward looking : Dominated by religious a...