THE REPUBLIC PERIOD
Modern Turkish Period (1923-Present)
1923 Establishment of the Turkish Republic with Ataturk as its first president
1924 Abolition of Caliphate
1925-38 Ataturk's program of reforms to modernize Turkey
1938 Death of Ataturk; Ismet Inonu becomes the Republic's second president
1939-45 Despite the alliance with Britain and France, Turkey remains neutral during World War II
1946 Turkey becomes a charter member of United Nations
1950 Turkey enters Korean War as a part of United Nations force; change from a single-party to a multi-party system
1952 Joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The attempt of the victorious Allies to control the Anatolian territory led to the Turkish War of Independence (1918-23).
Following the occupation of Istanbul in 1920 by the British, Italian and French, a Greek army advanced from Izmir deep into Anatolia.
While the sultan offered no resistance, under the leadership of Kemal Ataturk, the Turkish Nationalists overturned the postwar settlement embodied in the Treaty of Sévres (1920) and established the Republic of Turkey, formally recognized by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.
Mustafa Kemal retired his military uniform and inspired the people to an even greater task: Transformation of the country into the democratic, secular Republic of Turkey.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
1881 Birth of Mustafa in Salonika
1893 Enters Military Secondary School where he is given the name of Kema
1899 Enters War College in Constantinople
1902 Graduates as lieutenant
1905 Posted to 5th Army in Damascus
1907 Posted to 3rd Army in Salonika
1908 "Young Turk" Revolution in Salonika
1911 Posted to General Staff in Constantinople; goes to Tobruk and Derna with Turkish Forces, promoted to Major
1912 Balkan War; severe defeat, returns home
1913 Appointed Military Attaché in Sofia
1914 Promoted Lieutenant-Colonel; Turkey signs secret alliance with Germany; Russia, Britain and France declare war on Turkey
1915 Appointed to reorganize 9th Division, in Thrace; unsuccessful allied naval attack on Dardanelles; allied military landing at Ariburnu (Anzac); promoted to colonel; appointed to command 16th Army Corps
1916 Allied evacuation of Gallipoli Peninsula; transferred to Caucasus front; promoted to General and Pasa
1917 Returns to Constantinople
1919 Appointed Inspector-General in Anatolia; lands in Samsun; issues "Declaration of Independence" at Amasya; ordered by Government to return; resigns from the army; Nationalist Congress at Sivas and Erzurum; National Pact; new parliament elected; headquarters at Angora
1920 (April 23) First Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) at Ankara
1921 Consecutive battles against different enemies; given title of Gazi and rank of Marshal by TGNA
Smith, R. E. (1986). Toward a cognitive affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 36-50.
--Young Turks took control of government in 1908, forced restoration of constitution, introduced many reforms. Bulgaria announced full independence, and Austria annexed Bosnia. Italy took Libya, 1912.
The emergence of the Young Turk movement, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, and its defeat in World War I, saw many changes in Asia Minor. The internal conflict with the Armenians during the war, and the flight of hundreds of thousands of Greeks, led to a dramatic change in the population of the emerging Republic of Turkey. The moving of the Turkish capital to Ankara in 1923 led to a shift from the previous capital, Constantinople.
The three men, Jamal, Enver and Talyat pasha were in control of this party. They had an integrated and an ongoing vision toward the expansion of the country. The party wants to expand their territory all the way to Asia. Unfortunately, this move was against the Armenians both in the Ottoman Empire and in the Russian Empire. As the WWI started, the Young Turkish government was an ally of Germany, which meant a war with Russia. The front line of the war was in Armenia. During the war, eastern Armenia was under Russian control and western Armenia was under the Turkish control. There were some rebellious Armenians in the Turkish army who fought against the Ottomans. Fearing the Armenians might go against the Ottomans Empire they launched a massive campaign against the Armenians (Akkoc,
On April 24, 1915 the Armenian genocide began. 1 million and 5 hundred-thousand people got killed because of Turkish government. Many of them got raped, enslaved and murdered. For instance, they drowned people in rivers, burned them alive, executed and etc. They also kidnapped children and sent to Turkish families. In many places, Turkish people rapped and used Armenian women as a slave. “The Armenians marched by Turkish soldiers” picture in “artvoice.com” website shows the Armenians nearby prison in Mezierh by armed Turkish soldiers. Also only 25% Armenians deported to the deserts of Syria and Iraq. After the war between Armenian and Turks, only 380’000 Armenian remained in the Ottoman Empire. In June 1915, 25 percent of the Armenian population was deported t...
Sugar is considered a toxic poison. Sugar leaches the calcium out of the skeletal frame of a human’s body. Sugar literally sucks the calcium straight from our bones; therefore it is known to many as a “skeletal poisonous powder.” There are thousands of individuals struggling throughout the United States with sugar addiction. Sugar is a leading cause of a number of health-related issues. Sugar causes health issues such as, fibromyalgia, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis. Like me, many individuals have no clue that they are addicted to sugar. Up until this single subject design, I thought my eating habits were quite normal. I honestly did not realize how much sugar I was taking in everyday. This single subject design has truly encouraged me to live a healthier lifestyle. The purpose of this study is to indirectly determine my sugar intake, by counting calories daily and reducing my caloric intake.
In short, the majority of Turkey’s allies did nothing about the ordeal in the end. Basically brushing the entire event off. Eventually, the already small and fragile Armenian republic was given no support from the allies as a whole, and collapsed upon itself. As for the Turkish, in the successful obliteration of the vast majority of the Armenian people, they destroyed many priceless masterpieces, libraries and churches that had belonged to the Armenians. In Turkey, it’s illegal to even mention the topic of the Armenian Genocide.
Turkey’s involvement in the World War 1 provided cover for extreme elements of the very nationalistic Young Turks regime to carry ...
In order to fully understand the impact and effect of overtraining, defining and establishing the difference of what overtraining is from other conditions, such as overreaching, is necessary. Overtraining is defined as the accumulation of both training and non-training stresses producing a long-term effect on the athlete’s performance capacity, with or without physical and psychological overtraining signs and symptoms in which recovery of the performance capacity will take weeks to months (Halson, 2004 p. 969). Overreaching, however, is defined by the accumulation of training and non-training stresses with a short-term effect on the a...
Athletic staleness and burnout is a big problem for many of today’s athletes whether they are at the amateur or professional level. The good thing about this problem that ends up in total and complete physical and emotional exhaustion is that it can be recognized when it is taking place. It can also be treated if the recognition comes at too late of a stage of the onset of staleness and burnout. But the best remedy for athletic staleness and burnout is prevention of it in the first place. There are three different models that have been used to explain the causes of athlete burnout.
Cicek, Kemal. “The Cambridge History of Turkey. Volume 3: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839.” Journal of the Economic &Social History of the Orient 52, no.1 (2009): 153-158. EBSCO.
Many theorists suggest that consumption is correlated to the identity of an individual, that by purchasing goods from the mass market, it enables us to visibly establish our position within society. This differs from previous times in which a range of factors such as family histories, character and personal achievements played a significant role (Gabriel and Lang, 2006). Instead, there is the idea that the consumer has the ability to gain pleasure over objects, not just solely by the manipulation of objects, but through the degree of control over their meaning. The degree of control is developed and achieved through imagination and provides greater possibilities of pleasure experiences. This suggests that modern consumption can be seen as device that enables individuals to ‘dream’ about the desires they wish to fulfill. (Campbell, 1989: 79) (Cited in Gabirel & Lang, 2006)
The Ottoman Empire started as a small Turkish state and turned out to be something major. However, this Empire was one of the biggest empires in history. The Ottoman Empire had many problems along the way. The Ottoman Empire’s features and foundation lead to the growth, but the Empire still fell.
Throughout history, the middle east has often been the focus of news reporters. A middle eastern country that has not been exempt from this, is Turkey. Turkey has not only been a focus, but it also has had a very long, complicated history.
Sassatelli, R. (2007). Consumer Culture: History, Theory and Politics, London: Sage, Page 30, Page 126, Page 132, Page 133