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Abstract
The objective for this project was to give one the opportunity to apply the concepts of modern control systems in a realistic design scenario. The project also provided a chance to gain a better understanding of how closed loop systems and forward loop systems model the dynamics of a space vehicle re-entering the earth’s atmosphere. These are the tools that can be utilized in real world engineering projects. The system modeling the space vehicle dynamics was successfully used with specific gain values to produce a stable system built to design specifications.
Introduction
The design of a winged space vehicle is one that has occupied the National Aeronautics Space Administration throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s. It was not until the 1970’s that NASA put into use the first winged space orbiter. Set to this backdrop of history, we began our modest endeavor to model the wing dynamics of our spacecraft design. The goal for the final design of the vehicle dynamics system is to modify the system to be stable in a specific range. For this project we were able to find a range of stability for the design problem.
One of the objectives was to first model the system with the integral gain K1 equal to 1 and the proportional gain K2 equal to 0. The next objective of this project is to model the vehicle system for specified output parameters. The requirements for this project were to obtain the Bode diagram, gain margin, and phase margin. It is then possible to determine the stability, rise time, peak time, settling time, and percent overshoot of the system by examining the graphs. The second requirement was to stabilize the system by selecting two values of the gain (K1 and K2), which will result in a gain crossover frequency of 1rad/sec with a phase margin of at least 40 degrees and a gain margin of at least 45 db.
Design
The project first involved examining the control system with the integral gain K1 = 1 and the proportional gain K2 = 0. The second stage of the project involved selecting the values of the integral gain K1 and the proportional gain K2 that will give the phase margin of at least 40° and the gain margin of at least 45 db. The control diagram that models the space vehicle can be examined at the beginning of the appendix.
Ever since I was little I was amazed at the ability for a machine to fly. I have always wanted to explore ideas of flight and be able to actually fly. I think I may have found my childhood fantasy in the world of aeronautical engineering. The object of my paper is to give me more insight on my future career as an aeronautical engineer. This paper was also to give me ideas of the physics of flight and be to apply those physics of flight to compete in a high school competition.
Many people are amazed with the flight of an object, especially one the size of an airplane, but they do not realize how much physics plays a role in this amazing incident. There are many different ways in which physics aids the flight of an aircraft. In the following few paragraphs some of the many ways will be described so that you, the reader, will realize physics at work in the world of flight.
Aviation has come a long way since the 19th century, from the Wright brothers taking flight with the first powered and controlled gliders, to aircraft that can travel up to supersonic speeds, orbiting satellites and space stations which then were only thought to be science-fiction. Aerospace and aviation has proven to be one of the biggest challenges to advance in the entirety of human existence. There are many factors and characteristics that contributed to this advancement such as the engines of aircraft, forces of flight, aerodynamic forces, wingspans etc. The two most significant aspects however have been; World War 1 and World War 2.
Flight is one of the most important achievements of mankind. We owe this achievement to the invention of the airfoil and understanding the physics that allow it to lift enormous weights into the sky.
This paper will explain a few of the key concepts behind the physics of skydiving. First we will explore why a skydiver accelerates after he leaps out of the plane before his jump, second we will try and explain the drag forces effecting the skydiver, and lastly we will attempt to explain how terminal velocity works.
"CVSRF Advanced Concepts Flight Simulator." Aviation System Division.arc.nasa.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2014. .
The trials and tribulations of flight have had their ups and downs over the course of history. From the many who failed to the few that conquered; the thought of flight has always astonished us all. The Wright brothers were the first to sustain flight and therefore are credited with the invention of the airplane. John Allen who wrote Aerodynamics: The Science of Air in Motion says, “The Wright Brothers were the supreme example of their time of men gifted with practical skill, theoretical knowledge and insight” (6). As we all know, the airplane has had thousands of designs since then, but for the most part the physics of flight has remained the same. As you can see, the failures that occurred while trying to fly only prove that flight is truly remarkable.
The 360-degree feedback system can be very delicate in nature. A person not well ready for it could be thrown out of balance. It can also generate some new problem in an organisation. It not designed and conducted well, it posses the potential danger of a candidate developing wrong perceptions or notions about one or more of his auditor and creating new perspective towards them. It is therefore, unavoidable and significant to handle the process well and make it foolproof. The first important step is to examine whether the organisation is ready for it or not. The second important step is to examine if the candidate is ready for it. For the purpose of systematic analysis and examination of the problem at hand, the studies by the several researchers have been reviewed. Baron, (2009) examines that managers who received upward feedback about their supervisory behaviour significantly improved their behaviour and improves the subordinate ratings of managerial performance. Similarly, Baron, (2009) found that employees were favourably disposed toward associate rating. The feedback is positively related with fulfilment with prior peer ratings and negatively associated with perceived friendship bias and years of company experience. Subordinates’ ratings of leadership were significantly higher following feedback from subordinates under which a highly structured session is there where leaders discussed the feedback results with subordinates (Baron, 2009).
The idea of winglets was developed by F.W. Lancaster a British aerodynamicist in the late 1800s. However, it was not until an energy crisis in 1976, causing the price of fuel to skyrocket, that Richard Whitcomb, a NASA aerodynamicist, took Lancaster’s concept to the next step. Whitcomb soon published a comparison between a wing with a winglet and the same wing with a simple wing extension to increase its span. This paper showed significant improvement from the simple wing extension to the wing with the winglet. The winglet caused a reduction in drag and an improvement in the lift/drag ratio. Whitcomb proved that in theory the winglet would work, but it was Burt Rutan, an American aerospace engineer that went ahead and designed his ‘Vari-Eze’ to incorporate the ‘Whitcomb Wings’. “Rutan takes winglets from the drawi...
Taylor, John, W.R. (1977). Jane's pocket book of remotely piloted vehicles: Robot aircraft today. New York: Collier Books.
The equations of motion form the basic building blocks for any system under consideration. These equations should be formulated as accurately as possible to model the desired system. The δinaccuracies in formulating these equations could result in faulty behaviour of the system which could be very difficult to understand. However, modern control systems are designed to accommodate model inaccuracies to a certain degree. It is very important to ensure that our model is modelled within this range. Errors could also enter the system during the calculation stage due to the precision and number of digits used to represent the values.
In the 1980s, NASA returned to human spaceflight with the Space Shuttle. The Space Shuttle was the first spacecraft that was able to be reused and it was based on the X-15 craft that was designed and tested during the 1960s. The advancement of aerodynamic knowledge led the way for the large and efficient commercial aircraft that we see every day today. The large payload bay of the Space Shuttle allowed large satellites and telescopes to be launched into orbit and to be repaired, as necessary. The Russian MIR Space Station and the International...
A in November 1962, the British and French governments agreed to develop and build a supersonic aircraft. Each design presents an aerodynamic supersonic aircraft with a range of difficult problems, including two that have the highest interest powerplant installation and design of subsonic aircraft. supersonic speed because it is there are many configuration changes have been introduced, particularly in the areas of the nose and visor, rear wing and fuselage. the head of...
The modern day space environment is no longer a mystery to humans. Yuri Gagarin of Russia was the first person to experience space adventure in 1961. Since then, technological advances have enabled space exploration, with new discoveries being made from time to time. Scientists have significantly contributed to the development of space tourism. Noteworthy inventions by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have transformed human life through increasing accessibility to space. The agency has made it possible for astronauts to go to the moon and also to walk around planet Mars with robotic automobiles. The invention of the tri-axis control design has had a significant influence on modern space explorations, helping astronauts to effectively focus their satellites on the target. This has been important in increasing efficiency and precision in astronomical discoveries (Birchard, 2003).
Bosnor, Kevin. "How Flying Cars Will Work." Howstuffworks. How Stuff Works Inc., 1998. Web. 24 Jan.