Urine output is a time-honored measure of the patient’s effective blood volume (EBV) and a surrogate for tissue perfusion. Urine output is typically measured at one-hour intervals and expressed in milliliters per hour (ml/h). Because small volumes are difficult to measure, initial information becomes available only 20-30 minutes after catheter insertion by extrapolating to one full hour. This extrapolation can result in considerable over- or underestimation.
Lately digital urine-meters were developed as a nursing tool to reduce urine output reading errors reaching 30%. 1 During the performance validation process of one model (URINFOTM, FlowSense Medical, Misgav, Israel) we realized that since the monitor measures urine volume in one-minute increments, it actually provides real-time continuous minute-to-minute urine flow measurement.
In a previous study, we evaluated 1-minute-urine urine flow rate (UFR) change in response to hemorrhage.2 During the study we noticed that during euvolemic conditions UFR is not constant i.e. there is minute-to-minute variability. Even more striking was the observation that this variability disappears as hypovolemia ensues.2 (Fig. 1). The aim of this study was to describe this new physiological phenomenon (UFR’s minute-to-minute variability) and its relation to EBV depletion.
Methods
The Hebrew University Animal Care and Use Committee approved the protocol (MD-07-10924-2), and each study was supervised by a veterinary surgeon. Each trial was conducted following a week of acclimation under veterinary care.
Seven adult female pigs, weighing 50±10 kg, were fasted overnight prior to protocol initiation with unlimited water access. Induction of anesthesia was achieved with intramuscular injection ...
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4. Chesnokov YV, Chizhikov VI: Continuous wavelet transformation in processing electrocardiograms in ventricular arrhythmia. Measurement Techniques, 2004;47:417-421.
5. Hurtado R, Bub G, Herzlinger D: The pelvis–kidney junction contains HCN3, a hyperpolarization-activated cation channel that triggers ureter peristalsis. Kidney International 2010;77:500–508.
6. Proctor KG, Atapattu SA, Duncan RC. Heart rate variability index in trauma patients. J Trauma 2007;63:33-43.
7. Egi A, Kawamoto M, Kurita S, Yuge O. Systolic arterial pressure variability reflects circulating blood volume alterations in hemorrhagic shock in rabbits. Shock 2007;28:733-40.
8. Batchinsky AI, Cooke WH, Kuusela TA, Jordan BS, Wang JJ, Cancio LC. Sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate variability during severe hemorrhagic shock in sheep. Auton Neurosci. 2007; 30;136:43-51.
Development of protocols that restrict catheter placement can serve as a constant reminder for providers about the correct use of catheters and provide alternatives to indwelling catheter use (Meddings et al. 2013). The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secon Alternatives to indwelling catheter include condom catheter, or intermittent straight catheterization. One of the protocols used in this study is urinary retention protocols. This protocol integrates the use of a portable bladder ultrasound to verify urinary retention prior to catheterization. In addition, it recommends using intermittent catheterization to solve temporary issues rather than using indwelling catheters.
Sympathetic pathways change nerve activity during times of stress, exercise, low blood glucose levels, excitement or fear, due to the flight or fight response. These changes can have an effect on homeostasis by increasing heart rate, increasing blood flow, dilating pupils, sweating, releasing glycogen, increasing oxygen intake and diverting blood flow away from the gastrointestinal tract.
When owners take their pets to the clinic, they are understandably anxious about the results and outcome of the visit. While it’s the veterinarian's job to provide care for the animal, it’s also their job to put the owners at ease, reassuring them that their pet will indeed be fine. This communication is vital for building trust, as it lets the owner know what is happening to their animal and gives them confidence in believing that everything will be okay. What’s more, veterinarians that take the time to thoroughly explain procedures and instructions regarding petcare, are teaching pet owners how to better tend to their
“An Examination of Animal Experiments.” Physician Committee for Responsible Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. .
(3)Bellomo,R.,Cass,A.,Cole,L.,Finer,S.,Gallagher,M.,Lo,S.,McAthur,C.,McGuinness,S.,Myburgham J.,Norton,R.,Scheinkestel,C.,& Su,S. for renal study investigators(2009).Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(17), 1627-1638.
"Animal-Assisted Therapy." Animal Assisted Therapy, Exploring the Therapeutic Link between Animals and Humans. American Humane Association, 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. .
My interest in and understanding of the field of veterinary science has only been heightened with the time I have spent on various valuable work experience placements over recent years, especially during the four weeks in small and mixed animal practices in England, Wales, and Ireland. Spending time in these four very different practices allowed me to observe a wide range of routine and emergency
AIM: - the aim of this experiment is to find out what the effects of exercise are on the heart rate. And to record these results in various formats. VARIABLES: - * Type of exercise * Duration of exercise * Intensity of exercise * Stage of respiration
Researching on the PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) website a Journal of the American Medical Association and British M...
National Health and Medical Research Council,. (2013). Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes 8th edition.
Conducting medical experiments on animals is a savage act and needs to be banned. It is cruel to the animals involved, it’s not always accurate, and with today’s technology we can create a better alternative. This act should be prohibited and substituted with synthetic subjects.
The objective of this lab is to determine the present of normal and abnormal constituents in the urine, also to examine the pH, specific gravity, and chemical constituents.
"Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals." AALAS Foundation. 2005. American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2012 .
“In 2010 that 97,123 animals suffered pain during experiments while being given no anesthesia for relief.” (ProCon). In recent years animals have been more and more mistreated and manipulated in order to test many of the products that we use today. A common belief of many people is that it is better for this to be tested on animals than humans. This alone is a very disturbing. The problem with this is that no life whether it is human or animal is worth being put through the pain and discomfort in order for us to have personal gain. The truth is that there are safer more reliable methods that could solve of the problems with the animal testing that goes on throughout the world today. Although the testing of products on animals provides