missing some works cited
"Tintern Abbey": Millennialism and Apocalypse Thought in S. T. Coleridge and William Wordsworth's Poetics
Storming of the Bastille 1789 [1]
During and in the aftermath of the French Revolution, millennialist thought – independent of the myriad of economic and historical reasons for its precipitation – influenced many authors. Many people perceived the French Revolution as a foreshadowing of an Apocalypse that would usher in a new millenarian epoch, one levelling social distinctions between people and bringing about what was believed to be Christ's absolute rule. Samuel Taylor Coleridge was such a writer influenced by millennialist and apocalyptic belief in the late-eighteenth-century. His early writings and visions, such as in Religious Musings (1794-6), and Pantisocracy (1794), as well as his proposed communal experiment on the Susquehanna River in the United States, mark his belief in a millennium that would eliminate the social evils that he saw as detrimental to both individuals and the society in which he lived.
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Revelations 6 : 1-8, detail from Albert Durer [4]
The belief in millenarian and apocalyptic movements is one that was, and remains, today pervasive. Its origins are not entirely understood, but as Hillel Schwartz notes, "its root term, millennium, refers to a first-century eastern Mediterranean text, the Apocalypse of John or Book of Revelation." [2] Schwartz further notes that: "Among the world religions we can locate two constellations of millenarian thought about an epochal pulsing of time, one Zoroastrian-Jewish-Greek-Christian, the other Hindu-Buddist-Taoist-Confucian." [3] Broadly defined, it is:
The belief that the end of the w...
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..., in Romanticism: An Anthology, with CD-ROM, 2nd ed. Oxford & Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000.
[BACK] 11. Earl Leslie Griggs, Ed. Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956, 395, 397.
[BACK] 12. Duncan Wu and David Miall, eds. Romanticism: An Anthology, with CD-ROM, 2nd ed. Oxford & Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000. ( 271).
[BACK] 13. Ibid, 191.
[BACK] 14. Ibid.
[BACK] 15. Wordsworth, "There is an active principle" (1798), 9-11.
[BACK] 16. Coleridge, quoted in Peterfreund, Stuart. "Coleridge and the Politics of Critical Vision." Critical Essays on Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Ed. Leonard Orr. New York, Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1994, 39.
[BACK] 17. Earl Leslie Griggs, Ed. Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956, 1013.
[BACK] 18. http://www.new-harmony.com/
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how samuel taylor coleridge was influenced by millennialist and apocalyptic belief in the late-eighteenth-century.
Explains that millennium refers to a first-century eastern mediterranean text, the apocalypse of john or book of revelation.
Analyzes the belief that the end of the world is at hand and that in its wake will appear a new world inexhaustibly fertile, harmonious, sanctified, and just.
Analyzes the influence of millenarian thought on coleridge's early life and writing. millennialism informs both his religious musings and pantisocracy.
Analyzes how coleridge's religious musings echo his early life apocalyptic-millenarian view, depicting the chaotic state of the late-eighteenth-century world, an "anarchy of spirits."
Opines that they will raise up a mourning, oh fiends, and curse your spells that film the eye of faith, hiding the present god whose presence is lost.
Analyzes how the sordid savage roams through courts and cities feeling himself, his own low self the whole, when he by sacred sympathy might make the whole one self.
Analyzes how coleridge's sensational and supernatural depictions of destruction and war are limited to his earlier poetry. calleo suggests that by the time the communal experiment of pantisocracy had come to a close, he lost much of his political idealism.
Analyzes how coleridge's shift to critic in "france: an ode" is marked by his reaction to the napolean invasion of switzerland in 1798
Opines that forgive me, freedom, o forgive those dreams! o france, that mockest heaven, adulterous, blind
Analyzes how coleridge is critical of france's denial of what he perceives as its mission to protect and champion the cause of the "freeman" and of "liberty."
Opines that the rulers of france are the same in all ages & under all forms of government: they are as bad as they dare be.
Opines that a man's character follows him long after he has ceased to deserve it, but they have snapped their squeaking baby-trumpet of sedition.
Analyzes how coleridge and wordsworth's vision of poetry in the lyrical ballads was to evoke the necessary new feelings and sentiments in their reading public to spur a millennial era.
Analyzes how wordsworth and coleridge believed that their poem could help bring about the millennium prophesied by st john the divine.
Analyzes how wordsworth's advertisement to the lyrical ballads reflects his desire to attain a language that could transcend the inaccessible "gaudiness and inane phraseology of many modern writers."
Analyzes how wordsworth undercuts both the artifice of man-made education and social status based upon monetary affluence in the pedlar.
Explains that though poor in outward show, he was most rich: he had a world about him – 'twas his own, he made it'.
Opines that he had an eye which looked deep into the shades of difference as they lie hid in all exterior forms, near or remote, minute or vast – a eye which spake perpetual logic to his soul
Analyzes how wordsworth and coleridge mutually held in composing the lyrical ballads, locating the spiritual core of the human subject within nature and through nature to god, which spurred their reading world to eventually usher in christ's thousand year rule.
Opines that nature can inform the mind that is within us, so impress.
Analyzes how wye at new weir's "tintern" fuses his pantheistic vision of the "intercourse of daily life" with his implicit millenarian vision.
Analyzes how wordsworth's recurrent theme of poet as prophet illuminating god'
Opines that the darkest pit of the profoundest hell, night, chaos, death, nor aught of blinder vacancy can breed such fear and awe.
Analyzes how wordsworth's recluse and his and coleridge’s lyrical ballads are an implicit, early form of "liberation theology." "tintern abbey" is the poets' renewal of their reflective and moral consciousness.
Explains that coleridge's political thought: property, morality and the limits of traditional discourse.
Cites paley, morton d., peterfreund, stuart, and schwartz, hillel, in "coleridge and the politics of critical vision."
Cites wu, duncan and miall, david, eds. romanticism: an anthology, with cd-rom, oxford & malden, ma: blackwell, 2000.
Analyzes morton d. paley's "apocalypse and millennium in the poetry of coleridge."
Cites david p. calleo, earl leslie griggs, and david miall in romanticism: an anthology, with cd-rom, 2nd ed.
Quotes coleridge in peterfreund, stuart, "coleridge and the politics of critical vision."
Keanie, Andrew. "Coleridge and Plagiarism." The Oxford Handbook of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. : Oxford University Press, 2012-02-23. Oxford Handbooks Online. 2012-12-28.
In this essay, the author
Explains that plagiarism is the copying of another individual’s writings and ideas. it revolves around society's ideas of intellectual and private property and is considered a form of cheating.
Explains that there are various types of plagiarism, such as direct plagiarism and mosaic plagiarism.
Opines that students plagiarize because they don't have confidence in their own writing abilities.
Explains that shakespeare, coleridge, and oscar wilde have all been accused of plagiarism.
Explains that plagiarism is a serious issue that affects the way an individual develops and prevents creativity and originality.
Explains that plagiarism is often made quick and easy with the help of the internet. plagiarism prevents creativity and uniqueness from forming and growing.
Analyzes the role of technology in plagiarism and the librarian's role in combating it.
Analyzes how the oxford handbook of samuel taylor coleridge opens up about his plagiarism and fabrication at the new york times.
For many, saying or hearing the word romanticism evokes numerous stereotypical and prejudged definitions and emotions. The biggest reason this probably happens is because of how closely romanticism sounds like romance. The similarity of the sounds and spelling of the two words can lead to some thinking that the two words mean the same thing or are closely related. Although romanticism and romance do share some similarities in their spelling and pronunciation they couldn’t be more different. In the Merriam Webster Dictionary romance is defined as, “a love story”. The Romantic Period was not necessarily a time of true romance and love stories, although love was written about, but was instead a time of extreme emotion expressed in many different ways. One of the many ways emotion was expressed was through the use of supernatural and gothic literature and a lot of it contained horrific subject matter for the time it was written, making it anything but romantic. Expressions of thought and emotion were shown through horror and the supernatural just as much as emotion was expressed through love and romance. Many of the authors during the Romantic period submitted works, “dealing with the supernatural, the weird, and the horrible” (Britannica Online Encyclopedia). In many ways, gothic tales of horror and suspense defined the Romantic period just as much as any other type of literature at the time.
In this essay, the author
Explains how the word romanticism evokes stereotypical and prejudged definitions and emotions. the merriam webster dictionary defines romance as a love story.
Analyzes how mary shelley's story of reanimation and death turning to life is one of the greatest examples of romantic writing.
Analyzes how frankenstein shares the same traits as many greek tragedies and is shakespearean in its themes and character's relations to each other.
Compares the character of lord ruthven with that of the byronic hero, dracula.
Explains that edgar allan poe reflected the romantic period with his literary works. he had a rough childhood, was an alcoholic and everyone he loved or was close to tragically died.
Opines that melville and poe deserve some recognition for their contribution to literature during the romantic period.
Analyzes how the british author clive barker echoes the romantic style of writing in modern day horror and gothic literature.
Analyzes how the film, interview with the vampire, portrays the romantic period in a vivid visual way.
Analyzes how the romantic period has left its mark on the literary world. many of the works that stand out are those that contain stories about the macabre and carry gothic overtones.
Describes the famous quotes of anne rice from thinkexist.com quotations.
Introduces neil gaiman, "some strangeness in the proportion: the exquisite beauties of edgar allan poe."
Explains hellraiser. dir. clive barker, perf. ashley laurence and doug bradley. new world pictures, 1987.
Cites huston, kristin n., "percy shelley and lord byron."
Explains the definition of romance in the merriam-webster dictionary.
Describes romanticism -- britannica online encyclopedia.
Stillinger, Jack. ~~Coleridge & Textual Instability: The Multiple Versions of the Major Poems~~. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
In this essay, the author
Explains that samuel taylor coleridge wrote his poem kubla khan in 1797 and began revisions of it in the early spring of 1798. the crewe manuscript was discovered in 1934.
Explains that contemporary reviewers noted the poem's fragmentary nature and spoke of its nonsensical style, imagery, and content. shaffer asserts that coleridge intended for kubla khan to be a part of his project to create "a new kind of epic poem."
Analyzes how coleridge firmly believed that kubla khan was an incomplete poem and spent his entire life continually revising and republishing it. the poem is stylistically fragmented in both its imagery, syntax, and overall structure.
Analyzes how coleridge produced fifty lines of blank verse a day during his composition of kubla khan. he resided in the quantock hills of somerset near william wordsworth.
Explains that kubla khan went for a long solitary walk along the coast to lynton, exhausted from his labours, and, taken ill on his return journey, stopped at ash farm above culborne church.
Explains that coleridge was unable to finish his first draft of kubla khan and dismissed it as an incomplete fragment. he wrote a letter to john thelwall on october 14th, 1797.
Opines that their mind feels as if it ached to behold and know something great – something one & indivisible. rocks or waterfalls, mountains or caverns give them the sense of sublimity or majesty!
Analyzes how coleridge believed that he was unable to aptly reproduce this sense of sublimity or majesty for the remainder of his life.
Analyzes how coleridge's first thirty-six lines describe kubla khan as the triumphant creator, or arrogant tyrant, decreed his stately pleasure dome in a place sacred to the river alph.
Analyzes how coleridge recited kubla khan to lord bryon, who praised the poem and christabel, and urged him to publish both immediately.
Analyzes how coleridge inserted an introductory paragraph in the 1816 preface to the poem that he later replaced in 1834 with the words "a fragment."
Explains that the following fragment is published at the request of a poet of great and deserved celebrity lord byron, rather than on the ground of any supposed poetic merits.
Explains that the 1816 edition of kubla khan is divided into four stanzas — lines 1-11, 12-30, 31-36, and 37-54. textual scholar jack stillinger attributes this discrepancy to a copying or printing error.
Analyzes how allan grant declares that this 1816 preface "has grown into the poem until, in any critical account, the two are inseparable."
Explains that some fragments were left behind for him, while others passed away like disturbed mirror-images on water without the after restoration of the latter.
Opines that the 1816 preface to kubla khan became one of the most celebrated, and disputed, accounts of poetic composition ever written.
Analyzes how stillinger states that an alterative, marked copy of the 1816 version of kubla khan is currently in the harvard archives.
Explains that coleridge published kubla khan with other poems in the 1828 collection poetical works.
Explains that william pickering's edition, with the new aldine device of a dolphin enfolding an anchor, was printed in only 500 copies.
Explains that the 1828 printed version of kubla khan was nearly identical to its 1816 printing, but humorously contained the printing error in line 18 – “think” for “thick”
States that coleridge's poetical works gradually expanded and became more cumulative throughout the early 1830s. the last edition was published in 1834.
Analyzes how the 1834 edition included juvenilia and occasional verses that coleridge had earlier rejected, as well as interesting ‘late’ poems beyond those collected in 1828.
Explains that coleridge's descendants acted as editors of his major writings and poetry for many years during and after his death in 1834.
Explains that the crewe manuscript of kubla khan was discovered in 1934, which is a single sheet of paper that has the poem written in coleridge’s handwriting on both sides.
Explains that the poem itself differs slightly from the version given in the 1816 edition.
Analyzes how lindgren's analysis implies the myth of fragmentation that hovers over coleridge’s literary career, as both the preface to the 1816 version of kubla khan and the note to the crewe manuscript seem to convey different, if not contradictory, fragments about the poem’
Speculates that the manuscript was originally sent by coleridge to southey, passed into her possession after the latter’s death in 1843, and was subsequently given by her to some private autograph collector.
Explains that the crewe manuscript's introductory note offers a different account of kubla khan’s composition history than the 1816 preface, but its version also has minor alterations of words and abbreviated words.
Analyzes how richard holmes equates this mysterious statement to the effects of opium on coleridge’s sense of reality or unreality. there are only five known different versions of kubla khan: the crewe manuscript, the
Explains that most twentieth-century interpreters of kubla khan have based their readings on the text in e. h. coleridge’s oxford edition of 1912, or on reprints deriving from that edition.
Explains that coleridge and his family constantly revised and republished kubla khan. the main differences are only in stanza arrangement and the spelling of certain words.
Analyzes the myth of fragmentation that has been alluded to as a sort of mystery. one wonders if coleridge had any ideas of how to complete this fragment, or simply failed to publish any of the poem’s significant revisions.
Analyzes how coleridge's 'kubla khan' and the fragment of romanticism are discussed in mln.
Explains that crewe manuscript and analysis. available at: http://members.shaw.ca/jadestorm.html.
Explains lindgren, agneta, newlyn, lucy, and samuel taylor coleridge's cambridge companion to poetry.
Parry, Ellwood C. The Art of Thomas Cole: Ambition and Imagination. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1984.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how james fenimore cooper played a substantial role in the development of american fiction and the american character. cooper influenced public opinion on many important political issues, especially those relating to the native americans.
Explains that tlotm is an american myth that represents native americans and the american landscape.
Analyzes cooper's conception of the american landscape as an influential figure, a virtual character in his work.
Analyzes how cooper cultivated the art of landscape with a resourcefulness not evident in his earlier romances.
Argues that cooper's dramatic portrayal of landscape inspired various american painters interested in conveying the immensity of unspoiled nature.
Analyzes how cole's tlotm paintings depict the death of cora and uncas. the first painting depicts the action taking place in chapter 29 of the novel.
Analyzes how cooper comments on the quest for control of the frontier land by the french, british, and native americans.
Analyzes how cole recreates the action from chapter 29 which focuses on the native americans' loss of the land.
Analyzes how cole paints cora's death in the other tlotm painting. she again kneels to god when threatened by magua. the patriarchs conspicuously fail her.
Concludes that unless we assume that god is sadistic or cora's death just, we must conclude that the deity, if he exists, seems somehow not even have heard her words.
Analyzes how cooper creates a world where nature towers over man and his dramas, and god, if such an entity exists, remains aloof from human concerns.
Analyzes how cole's painting portrays human figures as anonymous, implying loneliness and insignificance in the world. the viewer sees things from a different point of view, detaching from the human action and connectedness to the vastness and supreme superiority of nature.
Analyzes how cooper and cole suggest that man, whether anglo or native, is not among those eternal things.
Cites barker, martin, & sabin's the lasting of the mohicans: history of an american myth.
Cites cooper, james fenimore, gardiner, w.h., kasson, joy s. and koppenhaver, allen j.
Cites mcwilliams, john, nevius, blake, parry, ellwood c. the art of thomas cole: ambition and imagination.
In his preface to "Kubla Khan," Samuel Taylor Coleridge makes the claim that his poem is a virtual recording of something given to him in a drug-induced reverie, "if that indeed can be called composition in which all the images rose up before him as things . . . without any sensation or consciousness of effort." As spontaneous and as much a product of the unconscious or dreaming world as the poem might seem on first reading, however, it is also a finely structured, well wrought device that suggests the careful manipulation by the conscious mind.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes the magic of the final spellbinding lines, based partly on abracadabra incantation and corporate recollections of holy visionaries.
Explains coleridge, samuel taylor, and r. s. gwynn's "kubla khan." literature: a pocket anthology.
Analyzes how samuel taylor coleridge's "kubla khan" is a finely structured, well-wrought device that suggests the careful manipulation by the conscious mind.
Analyzes the paradox of khan's creation, which is characterized in the middle stanza as a "miracle of rare device"
Coleridge attended Jesus College, Cambridge from 1791 until 1794. When he was attending Jesus College he continued to study writing and poetry (1-1). In 1792 he won the Browne Gold Metal for an ode that he wrote on the slave trade. In 1794, Coleridge returned back to Cambridge in what turned out to be his final year at the university . He also made a friend names Robert Southey striking an instant friendship. They shared their philosophical ideas together (1-2). They constructed a vision of pantisocracy which meant equal government by all. Coleridge and Southey began to dream of a Utopian community.
In this essay, the author
Explains that samuel taylor coleridge was born on october 21, 1772, in devonshire, england. he attended his father's school and attended christ’s hospital school in london.
Narrates how coleridge attended jesus college, cambridge from 1791 until 1794. he won the browne gold metal for an ode that he wrote on the slave trade.
Narrates how coleridge married sara fricker, the sister of southey's fiancé, and had their first child, a son named hartely, even though sara was still engaged to another man.
Explains that coleridge wrote many books and poems during his career, including "kubla khan" and "the rime of the ancient mariner."
Narrates how coleridge moved to malta as secretary to the acting governor from 1804 to 1806, after which he traveled through italy. he eventually settled in london.
Analyzes how the ancient mongol emperor kublai khan ordered the creation of some kind of "preasure dome".
Analyzes how coleridge explains the most common metrical feet in the first stanza and tells his son dewert everything he needs to know to become a famous poet.
Hill, John Spencer. "A Coleridge Companion." A Coleridge Companion. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.
In this essay, the author
Opines that the 17th century brought about a plethora of famous poets and writers that broke many social and literary boundaries. however, with them came famous addictions, especially during the romantic era.
Explains that opium is a dried latex obtained from the poppy. it is believed to cure many illnesses and was not seen as an abusive drug.
Argues that opium has had a major effect on literary works of most poets.
Explains coleridge, samuel taylor, christabel, kubla khan, a vision, and the pains of sleep.
Describes hill, john spencer, and a coleridge companion.
Narrates bltc's "the plant of joy." a brief history of opium.
Explains coleridge, samuel taylor, christabel, kubla khan, a vision, and the pains of sleep.
Describes hill, john spencer, and a coleridge companion.
Narrates bltc's "the plant of joy." a brief history of opium.
Explains that thomas de quincey was a literary genius when it came to the english prose and his writing were impeccably beautiful and poetic.
Explains that samuel coleridge's poem "kubla khan" was influenced by his opium-induced dreams. thomas d quincy and samuel colridge were influential writers of the 17th century.
Murray, Christopher John (2004). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850. Taylor & Francis. p. 319. ISBN 1-57958-422-5
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how nathaniel hawthorne's scarlet letter begins with a crowd of puritan bostonians waiting anxiously outside the town jailhouse, hoping to see convicts and sinners publicly punished and shamed.
Analyzes how hawthorne depicts hester prynne as a force that cannot be reckoned with when she walks out of the jail with an infant clinging to her.
Analyzes how hester learned to sew during the english civil war. her family forced her into an arranged marriage with roger chillingworth.
Analyzes how hester prynne, a mentally tough woman, manages to manipulate reverend dimmesdale, which leads to their adulterous relationship.
Analyzes how pearl transforms from a symbol of her parent's sin and the past to an representation of how hester’s life should have been.
Analyzes how nathaniel hawthorn authored the scarlet letter where it began in medias res. the story of hester prynne and her legacy peaks the complexity of the novel.
Describes murray's encyclopedia of the romantic era, 1760-1850, taylor & francis, p. 319.
Bernbaum, Earnest Anthology of Romanticism and Guide Through the Romantic Movement Vol 1. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1938.
In this essay, the author
Explains that blake believed in sexual and racial equality and justice for all, rejected the old testament's teachings in favour of the new, and abhorred oppression in all its forms.
Analyzes how the poem "the little black boy" stands out to them as a modern person's example against the traditional belief in god.
Explains bernbaum's earnest anthology of romanticism and guide through the romantic movement.
Explains bloom, harold, ed. english romantic poets. new york new haven philadelphia: chelsea house publishers, 1986.
Describes frye, northrop, and abrams' english romantic poets: modern essays in criticism.
Explains that sir william blake was known for his lucid writings and childlike imagination. he witnessed the cruel acts of the french and american revolutions.
Analyzes how blake's poem "jerusalem" relates to the new testament, revelations, and describes jesus' second coming.
Concludes that blake spent his life expressing his views and emotions through art and poetry, which personifies and gives life to the issues of the time.
Through alliteration and imagery, Coleridge turns the words of the poem into a system of symbols that become unfixed to the reader. Coleridge uses alliteration throughout the poem, in which the reader “hovers” between imagination and reality. As the reader moves through the poem, they feel as if they are traveling along a river, “five miles meandering with a mazy motion” (25). The words become a symbol of a slow moving river and as the reader travels along the river, they are also traveling through each stanza. This creates a scene that the viewer can turn words into symbols while in reality they are just reading text. Coleridge is also able to illustrate a suspension of the mind through imagery; done so by producing images that are unfixed to the r...
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how coleridge illustrates the qualities of imagination in his poem, kubla khan, through the sound of words, creative content, and his ability to create and recreate.
Analyzes coleridge's use of alliteration and imagery to create a scene where the reader can turn words into symbols while in reality they are just reading text.
Analyzes how coleridge establishes the infinite i am, by assigning meaning to objects. primary imagination is the means of all human perception.
Analyzes how coleridge shows his ability to create and recreate as he dissolves, diffuses and dissipates objects. the sacred river alph represents original and eternal creativity as well as unity and balance.
Analyzes how the fountain illustrates qualities of the secondary imagination with its scattering rocks and bursting water. these metaphors represent coleridge's ability to dissolve, diffuse, and dissipate imaginative images.
Analyzes how coleridge illustrates the qualities of imagination through wordplay, creative content, and recreation. the fourth stanza shows the relationship between the actual poem and the events concerning its creation.
Analyzes how coleridge draws the reader back to reality with the word "i." the "paradise-dome" mirrors the poem, and kubla khan mirror