The Knights Templar, a military order of monks answerable only to the Pope himself, were founded in 1118. Their primary responsibility, at least initially, was to provide protection to Christians making pilgrimages to the
Holy Land. They rose in power, both religious and secular, to become one of the richest and most powerful entities in Christendom. By the time of their disbandment in 1307, this highly secretive organization controlled vast wealth, a fleet of merchant ships, and castles and estates spanning the entire Mediterranean area.
When the crusaders captured Jerusalem from the Muslims in 1099, the Church encouraged all faithful Christians to visit that holy city in order to affirm their faith. The area, however, was still subject to sporadic attacks from various non-Christian factions. A small group of knights, led by Hugh de Payens, vowed to protect the pilgrims. The group was granted quasi-official status by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, who allowed them quarters in a wing of the royal palace near the Temple of Solomon. It is from this initial posting that the order derived its name. They took the standard vows of poverty, chastity and obedience and were bound to the rules of the Augustinian order. [Upton-Ward 1]
The order languished in near-anonimity for several years, despite generous contributions from various European personages. In 1126, Count Hugh of
Champagne, having donated his estates to Bernard of Clairvaux for use in building a monestary for the Cistercian order, arrived in Jerusalem to join the Templars. This action indirectly obligated Bernard to support the newly chosen advocacy of his benefactor. He wrote to the count, "If, for God's work, you have changed yourself from count to knight and from rich to poor,
I congratulate you." [Howarth 49]
In the year 1126, King Baldwin found two reasons for wanting official recognition of the order. First, he had, perhaps prematurely, bestowed upon
Hugh de Payens the title of Master of the Temple. Second, the king had the opportunity to launch an attack on the city of Damascus, but he needed more knights. Papal recognition would allow open recruiting in Europe for the order. King Baldwin sent a letter to Bernard of Clairvaux, the order's primary patron, later known as Saint Bernard, asking him to petition the
Pope for official recognition of the order. [Howarth 50-51] The King's letter ...
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...ghts Templar. The final blow, however, was probably three-fold: a general unpopularity of the order among the European aristocracy, due in part to jealousy; a chronic shortage in the French treasury, despite heavy taxation; and Master de Molay's refusal to consider a merger of the Templars with the Hospitallers, as suggested by the Pope.
The fact remains, however, that no evidence of heresy was ever found.
[Burman/Templars 180]
An order founded by nine knights in Jerusalem came to amass great wealth and power, which speaks well of their integrity and discretion. They became the "shock troops" of the Holy See. When they lost their original mission of protecting pilgrims upon the fall of Jerusalem, their downfall became inevitable. [Sinclair 37]
Works Cited:
Burman, Edward. The Inquisition. New York: Dorset, 1984.
--. The Templars. Rochester, VT: Destiny, 1986.«
Howarth, Stephen. The Knights Templar. New York: Dorset, 1982.
Payne, Robert. The History of Islam. New York: Dorset, 1987.
Robinson, John J. Born in Blood. New York: Evans, 1989.
Sinclair, Andrew. The Sword and the Grail. New York: Crown, 1992.
Upton-Ward, J. M. The Rule of the Templars. Suffolk: Boydell, 1992.
Henry IV and eventually the throne of England. It is also the attributes that allow him to
the monarchy of his efforts and achievements and it was he who took all of the
He was intelligent, articulate and handsome. During a gruesome killing spree, Ted Bundy slaughtered more than thirty five women within the span of five years, becoming one of the most notorious serial killers in American history. He grew up believing that his grandparents were his parents and his unwed mother to be his older sister. He was not very good at building relationships and had a lot of conflict with his stepfather and enjoyed the terms of violence and sex as a child. Ted shoplifted during his teenage years and enjoyed being above the law. He was generally very shy and gained a lot of popularity and self esteem in high school because of his good looks. It was there that he met his high school girlfriend Stephanie Brooks with whom he become obsessed, but the relationship did not last very long as she did not feel the same way for him so she broke up with him. Depressed by the break up, Ted dropped out of college and returned home with his family where he found out the truth about his biological mother. This left Ted in a state of confusion about his identity and he felt betrayed by the women in his life. He went back to high school where he and Stephanie got back together but right after she agreed to marry him, he broke up with her to seek revenge. After this charade his killing spree began, luring young women with lies, abducting, raping, physically abusing and killing them.
From the moment Thon Taddeo Pfardentrott steps foot into the abbey of the Order of Leibowitz, it is clear that he considers the monks that reside their as intellectual inferiors. Though the thon seeks no outright quarrel with them, he habitually engages them with an air of condescension, and often expresses clear, if stifled, misgivings concerning their possession of the vast reservoir of ancient knowledge that is the Memorabilia. This antagonism culminates in the confrontation between the thon and Abbot Paulo in Chapter Twenty-Two, when the Thon angrily states his true feelings: “These records should be placed in the hands of competent people (Miller 231).” It seems evident that the thon’s anger stems from an injured sense of professional pride, and that his opinion concerning the Order’s right to act as the keepers of knowledge for a burgeoning civilization is founded in ignorance. The monks of the Order of Leibowitz possess a mindset, lifestyle, and experience shape them to be the ideal scholars for a new age, especially when they are compared to the secular scholars of the past and present.
...le. This sovereignty emphasises an essential notion that differed the Cluniac rule to that of previous monasteries incorporating the Rule of St. Benedict with the alterations of Duke William I. The Cluniac monks became renowned for their prayers for the dead, which attracted more and more attention throughout the lay people gaining the monastery popularity and subsequently wealth. In the monasteries attempt at the monks living an isolated life with uncompromising respect for monastic purity, the attraction of lay people forced the monks to interact and become involved with temporal matters consequently contradicting entirely the Foundation Charter. The Cluniac Monastery attracted a lot of attention across the Kingdom of France and other European Kingdom’s, which greatly influenced the Foundation Charter’s expanding influence and therefore significance historically.
The True Temple of Solomon in Chicago, Illinois, was established in 1950 as seen on the Church’s website. Prophet Peter Banks, is the founder of this church. In the religion that he preaches he claims that he and his followers are a form of Christianity. After Prophet Peter passed away his grandson Prophet John, was left to take control of the Church and all other property that corresponded with the church. From 2000 until present day Prophet John has been growing as activist in the south-side neighborhoods surrounding his church. Many fundraisers and food drives have been held over the years to help the ...
From ages one to three, Bundy lived with his maternal grandparents. While Bundy's grandmother was hospitalized periodically to undergo electroconvulsive therapy for depression, he was often left with his grandfather, Sam Cowell, who was a violently abusive man. Even when Bundy was younger he expressed very disturbing behavior. When Bundy was a toddler, his aunt Julia woke up one day to see little Ted placing three butcher knives beside her with a smile on his face (Bundy, 1999).
When most hear the word cult, they imagine mass murderings and warn their children “don’t drink the kool-aid. However, a cult is defined only as a “religion or religious sect generally considered to be extremist or false, with its followers often living in an unconventional manner under the guidance of an authoritarian, charismatic leader”. These systems or communities rely on worship and ritual. There is no mention of violence or bloodshed in this definition. However, “destructive cults” are a whole other story and are often the ones making the news headlines. These destructive cults use unethical means as a way to control and manipulate to bring thought reform (defined as the systematic alteration of a person's mode of thinking). Ironically, these destructive cults give an illusion of self control and freedom to its members. It is estimated that five to seven million American’s have been in cults or cult-line groups according to the cult hotline, of course this is a hard number to properly caluclate.
The actual building itself appears similar to a castle. The architecture had royal features due to the triangular points on the top of the building. There were three open doors; one big main entrance in front, two small side doors, and all the guests entered through the main entrance. Once I walked in, a big gold Buddha was centered in the back surrounding multiple iconic religious statues. There seemed to be about a hundred religious statues highly dazzled in silver or good.
The samurai of Tokugawa Japan, the yangban of Choson Korea, and the gentry of Ming China were three very powerful and elite groups of East Asia. These groups consisted of high ranking government officials with judicial power and influence. Although the groups were located in the same region they had their similarities and differences in how they obtained power and how they used their power. Japanese samurai were military nobility who had almost as much power as the emperor, but were not the highest ranking officials whereas the yangban officials of Korea were the highest ranking rulers. The gentry of the Ming period of China were once high ranking rulers; however, the gentry were defined as retired Chinese bureaucrats. Socially, all of these groups, at one point or another, were high ranking officials with power in office. The elite groups ruled in different areas of Asia, but they had similarities as well as differences in sources of power, functions as officials, and the problems they faced as elite groups in Asia.
Some of Thelonious Monk’s songs became standards early on, most notably "'Round Midnight," "Straight No Chaser," "52nd Street Theme," and "Blue Monk." Many of his other compositions have by now been figured out by other jazz musicians and are sometimes performed including "Ruby My Dear," "Well You Needn't," "Off Minor," "In Walked Bud," "Misterioso," "Epistrophy," "I Mean You," "Four in One," "Criss Cross," "Ask Me Now," "Little Rootie Tootie," "Monk's Dream," "Bemsha Swing," "Think of One," "Friday the 13th," "Hackensack," "Nutty," "Brilliant Corners," "Crepuscule With Nellie", "Evidence," and "Rhythm-a-Ning," Practically all of Monk’s recordings have been reissued and all of his sidemen throughout the years are Art Blakey, Donald Byrd, Gerry
So what are other things VR is being used for today? Well according to the article titled “Beyond Gaming: 10 Other Fascinating Uses for Virtual-Reality Tech” By Knvul Sheikh ( a staff writer for livescience.com) there are a heedful of other things that are being done with VR. So let’s go over some of them. Well one of the things that Sheikh talks about is Space and how astronauts have been using VR. One of the things that they are doing is that they are using VR technology to control robots on Mars. They also added a Virtuix Omni treadmill to their VR setup and now researchers are able to simulate a walk on Mars to prepare astronauts for a potential human landing. (Sheikh,
noble birth and he had a lot of responsibility in his kingdom. He is looked up to by most for leadership and guidance.
There is a real fear the people will become addicted to virtual reality. There has not been many studies into the effects of Virtual reality on the brain. But Psychiatrist, Keith Albow, writes that Facebooks purchase of Oculus Rift will make virtual reality technology available to everyone, including teenagers. He fears that it will be highly addictive and it will make people psychiatrically ill. He has called on government to carry out trials on virtual reality to ensure that people are aware of the side effects which may include “addiction, depression, attention deficit disorder, anxiety or delusional thinking”. (Anon.,
I want to witness or perhaps even be a part of the implementation of virtual reality as the industry grows. One comparison I truly enjoyed was that virtual reality will become what the mobile phone is becoming at the moment. Mobile phones will, if not already, become completely integral in our daily lives, and to think that virtual reality will become that integral is extremely exciting, but also a tiny bit nerve-wracking. There have always been fears that mobile phones will take over our lives, which some may agree has already happened, but virtual reality seems like another step forward from that. It is a system that can create new virtual lives and we may not even have to leave our homes. The pros of the virtual reality system is that it can help progress many industries (medical, military, education), it can entertain us in a new way that current technologies can not, and it has a lot of support backed by big powerful people and companies (Facebook, Google, Amazon, etc.) The cons of virtual reality is it is still a developing platform, the fears of people that it could overtake our real lives, and the expense of implementing for everyone’s use. I am most excited for the implementation of virtual reality into video games; I think it will change how virtual games are created and enjoyed. Whilst I read through the sources for my literature review, I found that many of them advocated for the continual advancement of virtual reality. I think the majority of the population would also advocate for this, since the pros are much more appealing than the downsides of the cons. One concern I have for the integration of virtual reality among the general public is that I don’t think it will spread as quickly as the mobile phone did. The mobile phone was quickly adopted because it is so useful in our daily lives, we basically have a tiny computer in our