Introduction:
Migration and consequent changes in socio-economic characteristics are the matters of constant discussion in contemporary periods. Especially, while planning the economic focal points or metropolitan, sometimes issues are generated regarding rapidly increasing in-migration of working class people, establishing new slums as well as crowded hubs around metropolitans. Such working or labour class population are attracted by the employment opportunities of alarmingly growing urban centres, away from their original home which lacking such facilities. This extra human force adds new bricks in the construction of new economically developed empire while their source region remains deficit of such resources. Every year a large number of job seeking labours from villages and small towns cross West Bengal to join works of comparatively high wages in north, middle and south Indian states. This huge labour force which should be invested in west Bengal to drive its economic engine faster, has been expending in the progress of other states. It is just like “the lamp of my own house enlightening the neighbour’s house”.
The UD is one of the country’s 250 backward districts. It bestows 87.93 per cent (Table 1 & Figure 1, Srl-14) villagers of total population and is also essentially depended on agriculture. Being a backward region up to date technology has unexercised and agriculture is still driven by man power. So the legacy remains pervasive that the more man means the more labour. The overwhelming effect results 22.90 per cent (Table 1 & Figure 2, Srl-14) the highest decennial population growth rate in West Bengal. Population pressure on limited agricultural field, seasonal nature of yield, under employment have li...
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This is necessary as the vast majority of individuals migrating from rural to urban centers has been steadily increasing with the level of economic growth seen within the past twenty years as mentioned earlier. Unfortunately, this situation has further shown the structural issues and inequalities of cities, as most migrants end up having a poor quality of life living in informal settlements as highlight substantially by Boo. As a means of tackling this, however, the Indian government has turned its focus on investing rural regions, developing the agricultural sector. Specifically, Boo mentions that “the prime minister, Manmohan Singh, had come down from Delhi to express his concern for the farmers’ hardships, and the central government’s determination to relieve it” (p. 138). While this is definitely important funds are not being divided justly. For starters, between rural and urban areas almost all investments are being targeting towards rural regions, which is only addressing issues of inequality in one section of the country. Furthermore, across rural areas inequalities of investment are quite often overlooked. Although, “one of the governments hopes was to stop villagers from abandoning their farms and further inundating cities like Mumbai, but Asha’s relatives knew nothing of these celebrated relief programs” (p. 138). Therefore, even though
This paper is a brief summery for “Geographies of Marriage and Migration” by Raksha Pande and my response to the article. The article discusses the controversy of arranged marriages, why this culture favors them, the different ways of looking at them other than through a strictly Western view, and expresses the need for new research in this field. It focuses on South Asians in Britain, which include people of Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi origin, East African Sikhs, and Gujaratis, some who migrated there and some who were Britain born. It debates the ways of looking at the arrangement of marriages depending on the viewpoint/generation but also provides other ways of looking at the positives of this structure of marriage. Pande also talks about the reasons why people tend to look down upon those who see to this type of marriage, and transnational arrangements of marriage. She discusses the myths/differences behind arranged
Migration is not just about arrival, but also departure and circulation’ (Raghuram and Erel, 2014, p. 150). Explain how different sorts of evidence in DD102 have been used to support this claim.
Since their birth these “Metropolises” have grown exponentially and today this trend shows no sign of letting up. Swallowing up the hundreds that flock to them every day beneath their endless canopy of corrugated rusted metal sheets. With many of these slums now staring at the possibility of redevelopment, I will explore the implications facing them by comparing Dharavi, a slum considered for development to a slum in Kolkata, which is currently already experiencing development.
Southeast Asia is certainly a region on the move. Internal and international migration flows are a key feature in this geographical setting. On the one hand, Southeast Asia is home of important work-related migration flows to other countries in the region which are demanding labour but also to international immigration areas, such as North America, the European Union and the Persian Gulf. On the other hand, Southeast Asia also attracts immigration, mostly intraregional. Intraregional migration is usually temporary and irregular, which has meant a major challenge for governments to manage migration in their territories.
Singh, Hira. 2008. “The real world of caste in India,” The Journal of Peasant Studies 35 (1):
In Human Geography: people, place and culture, Migration is defined as “A change in residence intended to be permanent (Fouberg et al, 2015, p. 127).” In my family our ancestors migrated to Canada from England, France and Scotland over a 100 years ago. The push and pull factors that influenced them to move to Canada, were to come to the new world to colonize and start a new life as farmers and bakers as they sought the agricultural opportunities. This was a form a voluntary migration as it was there choice to move. Since moving to Canada and settling along the east coast, my family hasn’t migrated as much due to the men in my family for generations having jobs in the military which kept them constrained to the east coast. There has been some
Nowadays governments, NGOs and other organizations try to limit the migration, but it isn’t possible as successfully as it is expected, because the main causes of migration are rooted in the society and it is hard to uproot them. The main migration aims can be divided into two aspects- economic and social aspects. Economic aspect includes mainly problems with money and desire for better job and salary. Migration to achieve better job and salary is only chance for women to gain poverty, because then they can be economically independent from their husbands and families. For men it is easier to get better job whit better salary and better working conditions. Unfortunately for women it isn’t so easy. Mostly they get works that is connected with entertainment, manufacturing, social works or education. But not always the conditions are good. The job could be illegal, irregular, with lower incomes and with poor working conditions. But ...
India, the second highest populated country in the world after China, with 1.27 billion people currently recorded to be living there and equates for 17.31% (India Online Pages 2014) of the world's population, but is still considered a developing country due to it’s poverty and illiteracy rates. As these nations continue to grow at rates that are too fast for resources to remain sustainable, the government’s in these areas wi...
...an HDI of 0.36. These discrepancies in levels of development have led to an exodus of people, from less developed areas to the areas that have been benefitted by development. This situation seems to depict that predicted by the Dependency theory in which the developed countries progressed due to the exploitation of peripheral nations; the same seems to be happening in India. The states that are wealthier are exploiting the poorer states. It would be difficult to imagine India having the economic status that it now has, if it was not for the terrible working conditions and wages at which the Indians are willing to work and the massive work force available in the country. Now that India has seen economic growth the government should start taking care of its citizens by implementing policies that protect the labor rights of the workforce.
Ethnic conflict and problems of illegal migration, in Assam, is interlinked. Assam is a plural society which comprises various ethnic groups. Under the Ahom administration a highly feudal society had grown up in Assam and class division became quite distinctive. But in case of conferring offices and responsibilities ethnic or religious divisions were not taken into consideration. People of different religions or community were granted offices and tittles with...
The mushrooming ofslums near the cities/urban centers, due to continuous flowof migrants from rural area to the urban area is consideredas a big challenge. A study done by economic and socialcommission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP, 1991)observed that “migration from rural to urban areas continuesat a rapid pace in many countries of the region, and it wasoften beyond the capacity of towns, cities and metropolitanareas to cope with the increasing numbers. The increasingtrends of rural to urban migration should be seriouslyreviewed in the context of development of slums in urbanarea. No doubt, migration is essential for development and itis a desirable phenomenon but what is not desirable is theincreasing flow of distressed migrates from rural to urbanarea which results into overcrowding of cities anddevelopment of slums. Migration and slums are inextricablylinked, as labor demand in cities and the resulting rural to urban migration creates greater pressures to accommodatemore people. Much of the growth of slums is due to themigration of people of economically weaker sections fromrural area to urban area. It has been observed that rural labormigrates towards urban areas and settled down in slum. Thegreat slums of India are predominantly created because largenumbers of individuals or families move to the urbancenters of their dreams, usually in search of better economicprospects. As per census 2011, 68 million Indians lived inslums, comprising one-quarter of the population of India’s19 cities with more than 1 million residents. In Mumbaialmost 50 percent population lives in slums and in Kolkata32percent of the population lives in slums. The slum growthin the cities through fresh arrivals from the countrysideincreases competition for limited resources. Twenty-five percent of urban households have no access to drinking waterwithin their premises, 22 per cent have no bathroom,
Better jobs will go to the more educated people. But as the lower castes begin to realize that the better jobs are in the private sector rather than in the government, they will turn, one hopes, to education rather than reservations. This may already be happening. States of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh suggests that a new political leadership, defined by education and skills rather than caste, may be emerging in these rural areas. Twenty-six percent of the new leaders are SCs, though the group only makes up 22 percent of the population (Das, 2001). As Das concedes, the private sector is still influenced by the affinities of kin and caste connection but the spirit of capitalist competition has also driven many businesses to recruit for skills and talent, not caste.
Now coming back with another point of view, since the business and industrial dynamics keep on changing, so in such a scenario, a person should be ready with whatever opportunities he gets, ready to do the any occupation where his competencies match. But the caste system will not allow him to take the step and hinder his progress or growth. Caste system dictates in clear term one should do his job based on heredity not on the basis of competencies or skills acquired. So in one way or other it deprived a large community from getting its due, together with creating huge unemployment.
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