Migraine headaches affect an estimated 36 million Americans, or about 12% of the population, surpassing asthma at 8.3% (25 million) and diabetes at 7.8% (23.6 million). Migraines are much more common in women than in men--about 3 times more common. Nearly 30% of women will experience at least one episode of migraine headaches in their lifetime, most commonly in the third and sixth decades of life. However, migraines can affect anyone at any age and from any ethnic group. In addition to indirect expenses like missed work/school and lost productivity, the American Migraine Foundation estimates that migraines cost Americans more than $20 billion annually. Migraine sufferers are also more likely to experience anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, fatigue, and other pain conditions, and those who experience visual disturbances called “auras” associated with migraines are at an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Unfortunately, there is no cure for migraines. The best treatment options available only to seek to reduce frequency of attacks or treat an attack once one has begun, and medication use is often limited by side effects and difficulty of administration. The American Migraine Foundation itself labels current treatment options “far from perfect” and concludes, “Undoubtedly, better treatments are needed.” Filling this therapeutic void is the primary objective of NuPathe Inc. (very recently acquired by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.) with Zecuity®, a sumatriptan iontophoretic transdermal system.
The exact mechanism of migraine headaches has not yet been elucidated. Gene studies, combined with the high correlation of family history with migraine susceptibility, give considerable evidence for a significant geneti...
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... concern with a fungus-based drug class called the ergotamine derivatives (e.g., dihydroergotamine), which also act as agonists at 5-HT receptors throughout the body and are much less specific than the triptans. Because of this potential for additive effects, administration of triptans and ergotamine derivatives should be separated by 24 hours. Lastly, overuse of acute migraine medications can lead to rebound headache symptoms known as “medication-overuse headache,” though the medications most commonly associated with this are opiates and analgesics, not triptans. Triptan-related medication-overuse headache is much more relegated to populations of men with high headache frequency. Nevertheless, it is still recommended for patients to restrict their intake of acute “rescue” migraine medication, including triptans, to 2 or 3 days per week to avoid rebound headache.
The brand name is Lexapro, but is known generically as Escitalopram. Lexapro is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (Escitalopram, 2011). Lexapro is used to treat: acute and maintenance treatment of Major Depressive Disorder and Acute Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Forest Pharmaceuticals, 2012). Lexapro can treat adults for both MDD and GAD. Lexapro is not FDA-indicted to treat adolescent with GAD, but is approved for adolescents (aged 12-17) with MDD. There are no street names for Lexapro, and stated by Forest Pharmaceuticals, animal studies suggest that abuse danger of this drug is low
One piece of evidence that helps shape the story being told in “The Poisoner’s Handbook” is a primary document that says “Injection No. 369 use three or four times a day” for Pinkston and Scruggs Pharmacists. Another piece of evidence is a document that says “For the hair-
Raynaud syndrome is an auto-immune disorder in which blood vessels in the digits constrict. It usually strikes females between the ages of eighteen and thirty. “Between three to five percent of people are affected.” (Harvard, 2003) There is no known cause or cure. (Segala et al, 2003) Clinical features primarily deal with (but are not limited to) the digits of the fingers. Other digits that may be affected include toes, nose, and ear lobes. Exposure to cold and emotional stress triggers the vasoconstriction of the digits. It was originally described by the Catholic, French physician Maurice Raynaud in 1862. In this condition, the vasospastic response is more frequently induced by exposure to cold temperatures and is often accompanied by digital color changes. After onset, a tri-color change [blanching (white), cyanosis (blue), and reactive hyperemia (red)] occurs. “Pallor (blanching) shows vasospasm and loss of arterial blood flow, cyanosis shows the deoxygenation of static venous blood, and rubor (red) shows reactive hyperemia following return of blood flow.” (Bowling, 2003) Theories for the causes of Raynaud syndrome include: arterial wall damage, connective tissue disease (CTD), or repetitive use of vibrational tools. (Ko, 2002)
Ferrier, I. N. (2010). Strong genetic evidence for a selective influence of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors on a component of the bipolar disorder phenotype. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(2), 146-153. Hart, P. J. (Producer). (1996).
Volkows, N. D., & Muenke, M. (2012). Human Genetics. The genetics of addiction, Vol 131(6), 773-777. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-012-1173-3
The gene mutation responsible for ginger hair was discovered in 1995, but this research did not leave any significant impact and future research based on this discovery was dedicated to exploring other differences in genetic constitution between redheads and people with other hair colour (Johansen, 2005). For example, it is established that red hair is the first phenotype linked to pain tolerance (Knight, 2002). Research by Edwin Liem, Teresa Joiner, Kentaro Tsueda, and Daniel Sessler (2005) proved that redheads are more sensitive to thermal pain than women with dark hair, and the results have confirmed previous studies regarding redhead resistance to anaesthetics. There were several limitations to this study, including possible bias from the investigators and subjective responses from participants, but Liem, Joiner, Tsueda, and Sessler (2005) have reached the desired conclusion because they did not consider these limita...
The dosage of the drug should be used according to the carton instructions. A 10 gram over dose in adults, 140 mg for kids, can cause permanent liver damage. Also if you had just taken some other drugs , The acetaminophen may become more toxic since the drugs are catabolized in the liver. To protect yourself from injury, you should take 1 gram of vitamin C and Cysteine -a bodily antioxidant.
"OCD and Genetics." About.com Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
He did have Burkitt's lymphoma at three years old and underwent chemotherapy. He was told that he would have cardiac issues after that, but follow up EKGs have been normal.
Polypharmacy is the “concurrent use of several differ drugs and becomes an issue in older adults when the high number of drugs in a medication regimen includes overlapping drugs for the same therapeutic effect”(Woo & Wynne, 2011, p. 1426). The patient is currently taking several medications that can potential interact with each other, perform the same therapeutic effect, and creating side effects. The following is a list of her medications and their indications:
Furthermore, botulinum injection reduces acute, severe headaches in patients who suffer from migraines. It also decreases the signs and symptoms triggered by migraine headaches, such as vomiting, nausea, and auditory sensitivity. This injection is usually given in the head for treatment. Dr. Skorin (2004) relates that the latest medical uses of botulinum injection is in the field of headache therapy and has been found to be effective in migraine and chronic daily headache (p.
1. The types of specialists that can help with a migraine diagnosis are doctors who focus on treating people with migraines. These doctors can be internal medicine doctors, family practice doctors, neurologists, or other specialists who see many patients with headache disorders. Most migraine & headache specialists have completed additional training and have additional certification in treating headaches. They may also work in a clinic dedicated to treating headaches. In addition, a neurologist is a doctor trained in diagnosing and treating disorders and diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles. Neurologists examine and treat the nerves in the head and neck as well as diagnose problems with memory, balance, speech, thinking and
Client takes a medication to prevent the migraines. Client reports stress in her life increases the frequency and severity of her migraines. Client reports her maternal aunt and younger sister also experience migraines. Client reports an in-patient hospitalization 3 weeks ago, due to weight loss, food restriction, and depression. Client reports no food restriction since her hospital discharge. Client appears thin but does not present as underweight. Her family’s mental health history was not discussed. This information should be obtained at the next session.
Treatment seems to be limited for many, who simply reply on OTC pain relievers. Despite the severity of the condition, only half get a diagnosis. Furthermore, only a quarter of people turn to a physician for migraine treatment.
...along with a few exercises for four to six weeks should help to decrease the intensity and frequency of the patient’s/client’s headaches as a long term outcome. If not, the patient should visit their primary physician to see about other options that might be beneficial.