Introduction
Micronutrient Malnutrition is a crucial health issue worldwide. More than 50% of the world population suffer from micronutrient malnutrition and are mostly in underdeveloped nations. Micronutrient malnutrition or hidden hunger occurs not only because of not enough of food intake but the food is not containing sufficient micronutrient. In the developing countries, the dietary foods based on the cereals which are rich in carbohydrate but contains a few minerals and micronutrients. Moreover, monotonous diet (Hefferon, 2015) and low consumption of meat and meat products cause micronutrient malnutrition more severe. There is four critical micronutrient malnutrition: iron, zinc, iodine and vitamin A. The most prevalent micronutrient
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Iron deficiency causes the psychomotor development degradation, mental development disorder (Wirth et al., 2009), reduced the productivity and immune function, risked pregnancy causes premature delivery, and resistance to the cold temperature. Thus, the strategies to reduce iron deficiency are significantly necessary to improve health and welfare. The efforts that can be undertaken to diminish iron deficiency are providing a diversity of food, food supplement, food fortification, and biofortification. However, the food diversity is ineffective for implementing in the developing nations which depend on the local food product that often limited in variety and have low income. Likewise, food fortification and supplementation are not applicable strategies in the underdeveloped countries because costly. Furthermore, regarding iron deficiency, food fortification is not suitable because of the most soluble and absorbable iron compounds, for example, FeSO4 is tasteless, while the non-soluble iron compounds are not bioavailable or poorly absorbed (Wirth et al., 2009). Hence, iron biofortification, the strategy increasing the micronutrient contents in the edible part of foods, reducing the concentration of anti-nutrient and improving the nutrient absorbing capability, seems …show more content…
The first transgenic approach is enhancing iron concentration in rice endosperm which relies on a single gene (overexpression of ferritin gene). Ferritin is the primary storage of a soluble and bioavailable form of iron protein in all of the aerobic organisms. The expression of the single gene on the rice endosperm has been presented that this transgenic rice contains a two-fold in iron accumulation than non-transgenic rice (Masuda et al., 2013). Further research on transgenic rice is using two targeted expression genes, ferritin and nicotianamine synthase. The synergetic effect of overexpressing ferritin consequents increasing in iron storage and nicotianamine synthases improve the capability to uptake iron. Subsequently, this transgenic rice which involves targeted gene of ferritin and synthesis action of nicotianamine showed improving iron content on endosperm rice more than six times (Wirth et al., 2009). Another research on transgenic rice by introducing soybean ferritin gene and three barley genes (a mugineic acid synthase gene, the nicotianamine synthase gene, and two nicotianamine aminotransferase genes) is T3 transgenic rice. This T3 rice contains 2.5 times higher than non-transgenic rice grows in the calcareous soil and four times greater in the normal soil (Masuda et al.,
1.)How does your diet compare to the recommendations you received from the Food Guide Pyramid?
Each of the three major macronutrients — proteins, fats and carb — has important and distinct roles in the body when it comes to weight management, hormonal balance, immunity, development and so on. Here are some of the most important reasons why we need each macronutrient:
Low socio-economic status and its correlates, such as lower education, poverty, and poor health, affect our society as a whole. Inequities in wealth distribution, resource distribution, and quality of life are increasing in the United States and globally. There are many ways to fight this reality, and some a far simpler and more practically applied than others. One smart and simple change may be adapted immediately. It has the possibility to drastically impact the quality of life with those of lower socio-economic status. The proposed change would be to alter the list of foods covered in Americas supplemental nutritional assistance program ( or SNAP), as it could dramatically impact the health of those most likely to suffer from heart disease which is currently the leading cause of death in the United states (AHA). Currently “SNAP benefits can be used to purchase all food products, not including: beer, wine, liquor, cigarettes, or tobacco; any nonfood items; vitamins and medicines; foods that will be eaten in the store; or hot foods” (snap.org). The S.N.A.P. program should instead, be only available for use when paying for healthy foods because this policy change would provide better nutritional, medical and economic value to the U.S.
This assignment will discuss a trust adapted version of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). It will demonstrate an understanding of theoretical knowledge used to develop the assessment tool. The assignment will focus on three components within the tool; discussing the reliability and validity when used in a clinical environment. A reflection of my own experience using the tool will be included and linked to aspects of reliability. Any issues with reliability will be identified and suggestions given on how they can be corrected to aid future use.
Hunt, J. (2003). Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 78(3), pp.633-639.
The world of foods and nutrition has changed dramatically in recent years. It used to be eggs, red meat and whole milk, but now many doctors recommend leafy green vegetables, fruits, beans and whole grains. The old way has gotten many people into trouble. Heart disease, Cancer, and other problems have become an epidemic. That’s why nutrition is so important. Many children are struggling with weight and many have artery damage.
Increasingly in the diet/disease debate, the role that micronutrients play in promoting health and preventing noncommunicable disease is receiving considerable attention. Micronutrient deficiencies are often common in elderly people due to a number of factors such as their reduced food intake and a lack of variety in the foods they eat. Another factor is the price of foods rich in micronutrients, which further discourages their consumption. Compounding this situation is the fact that the older people often suffer from decreased immune function, which contributes to this group’s increased morbidity and mortality. Other significant age-related changes include the loss of cognitive function and deteriorating vision, all of which hinder good health and dietary habits in old age”(Nutrition for older persons, 2017). After assessing Miss E’s physical, socioeconomic and psychological conditions that are affecting her nutritional status today, I would recommend that she apply for a nutritional program called SNAP through the state to alleviate some of her struggles with purchasing better quality foods for health. In addition, as her nutritionist assistant I would design a suitable five-day meal plan for Miss. E to start on of 1600
At any age, nutrition is vital to maintaining health and enhancing quality of life. However, achieving good nutrition can be especially difficult for the elderly, the fastest growing portion of America's population. Many factors, including physiological changes, changes in nutritional needs, illness and physical limitations, food-medication interactions, depression and loneliness, and food insecurity are common causes of malnutrition in the elderly. This paper will explore factors affecting elderly nutrition, provide suggestions for obtaining and maintaining good nutrition after age 65, and describe the services available to help the elderly meet their nutritional needs.
Iron Deficiency Anemia affects millions of individuals across the world. This disease strikes many more women than men and has harmful effects on all who suffer from this deficiency that causes oxygen-carrying capacity to decrease. The causes can vary amongst different groups, but the aggravating symptoms remain constant. Much of the research on Iron Deficiency Anemia concentrates on not only the treatment of this disease, but also the prevention of it. To attain a better understanding of how to treat this problem, one must clearly know what Iron Deficiency Anemia means, what causes this disease, the effects of it, and finally how to cure it.
Nutrition assessments include clinical and dietary assessment, anthropometrics, as well as biochemical, laboratory immunologic and functional indices of nutritional status (Gibney, 2005). In epidemiological studies, different dietary investigation tools were designed to assess the nutritional status in individuals and populations, nutrition monitoring and surveillance and diet-disease research (Friedenreich, et al., 1992, Taren, 2002).
The human body requires small amounts of nutrients in microgram or milligram quantities in our diet because it cannot synthesize the necessary amounts on its own. These nutrients are considered micronutrients. Micronutrients are a combination of water, vitamins, and minerals. Vitamins are organic compounds that do not provide energy, but are essential to the body in helping “aid in metabolism, as well as the growth, development and maintenance of body tissues” (Byrd-Bredbenner, Moe and Beshgetoor 402). Vitamins are broken down into two groups, water-soluble and fat-soluble. The water-soluble vitamins are the B-vitamins, and vitamin C. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Minerals are needed in even smaller amounts, however these inorganic substances are necessary for “cell metabolism, nerve impulse transmission and growth and development” (Byrd-Bredbenner, Moe and Beshgetoor 485). Minerals can be categorized into major or trace minerals. The major minerals include Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Sulfur. Trace minerals are Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iodine, Selenium, Chromium, Fluoride, Molybdenum and Ultratrace minerals.
If you frequent health forums or fitness blogs, you'll have read the word “macros” before. The word is short for macronutrients. That leads to the question, “what are macronutrients?”
For years, the people of the Philippines have been in grave danger of a horrible condition. They are suffering from malnutrition, an unhealthy imbalance in an individual’s diet which may result from a lack of certain nutrients being consumed or starvation (Board). Malnutrition has been an issue there for many years as a result of the country’s overwhelming poverty rates (about 27.9 percent of the populace) depriving its people of food, and raging typhoons (such as Super Storm Haiyan) have only exasperated the problem (Calderon). In addition, when the country’s people do have access to food, they rarely have the necessary fruits or vegetables for a balanced diet. Through poverty, a lack of produce, and regular typhoons, malnutrition in the Philippines unleashes widespread health endangerments that range from blindness to death, especially among children.
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. It is one of the least developed countries, which are strangled by several problems of health such as water contamination and HIV aids but the most widespread health issue in Bangladesh is child malnutrition (Christian Nordqvist, 2010). Malnutrition is classified into two types, sub-nutrition and over-nutrition. Though in Bangladesh, the major concern in sub-nutrition, the status when individuals cannot utilize food they eat or are malnourished when their diet does not provide them with adequate calories and protein for maintenance and growth (Christian Nordqvist, 2010). Bangladesh is ranked 1st in child malnutrition with 41% of children in Bangladesh suffering for sub-nutrition (Guy Hubbard, 2013). The causes of such high percentage of children being malnourished in Bangladesh can be linked to three main causes, low literacy rate, geographical location of Bangladesh and the shortage of food in Bangladesh.
This can not be done with the same ineffective tactics that were used in the past, so that’s why people are developing new ways to eradicate hunger. When the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2) was held, they discussed the nutrition component and how important it is that it is not overlooked. By paying attention to nutrient-dense foods and recognizing the different entry points for improving nutrition, the ICN2 argues the world will be one step closer in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal. Some of the entry points they discussed include “the promotion of crop diversification…, strengthening local food production and processing, and exploring regulatory or voluntary instruments for promoting healthy diets” (goals 2). Promoting the nutrition aspect of the goal can help achieve it because nutrients are what keep people alive and