Microbiologists in the Past

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Microbiologists in the Past

Jenner, Edward (1749-1823), British doctor, who discovered the vaccine

that is used against smallpox and who laid the groundwork for the

science of immunology. [IMAGE]Smallpox vaccination

Born on May 17, 1749, in Berkeley, Gloucester shire, in a rural

vicarage, Jenner became a keen observer of nature at an early age.

After nine years as a surgeon's apprentice, he went to London to study

anatomy and surgery under the prominent surgeon John Hunter, then

returned to Berkeley to start a country practice that lasted the rest

of his life.

Smallpox, a major cause of death in the 18th century, was treated in

Jenner's time by the often-fatal procedure of inoculating healthy

people with pustule substances from those who had mild cases of the

disease. Jenner observed, among his patients, that those who had been

exposed to the much milder disease cowpox were completely resistant to

these inoculations.[1] Louis Pasteur

After spending several years of research and teaching at Dijon and

Strasbourg, Pasteur moved in 1854 to the University of Lille, where he

was named Professor of Chemistry and dean of the faculty of sciences.

This faculty had been set up partly to serve as a means of applying

science to the practical problems of the industries of the region,

especially the manufacture of alcoholic drinks. Pasteur immediately

devoted himself to research on the process of fermentation. Although

his belief that yeast plays some kind of role in this process was not

original, he was able to demonstrate, from his earlier work on

chemical specificity, that the desired production of alcohol in

fermentation is indeed due to yeast and that the undesired production

of substances (such as lactic acid or acetic acid) that make wine sour

is due to the presence of additional organisms, such as bacteria. The

souring of wine and beer had been a major economic problem in France;

Pasteur contributed to solving the problem by showing that heating the

initial sugar solutions to a high temperature can eliminate bacteria.[2]

Lister, Joseph, 1st Baron (1827-1912), British surgeon, whose

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