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caribbean society and culture
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Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz and Antonio Benitez-Rojo's Writings
With a focus on articles written by Michele Cliff, Antonio Benitez-Rojo, and Sidney Mintz. Michelle Cliff, "If I Could Write This on Fire, I Would Write This on Fire," and Abeng Antonio Benitz-Rojo, "From plantation to Plantation"; Sidney Mintz, "The Caribbean: A Sociocultural Area";
On this island of Black and Brown, she had inherited her father’s green eyes—which all agreed were her "finest feature." Visibly, she was the family’s crowning achievement, combining the best of both sides, and favoring one rather than the other. Much comment was made about here prospects, and how blessed Miss Mattie was to get herself such a granddaughter.
The legacy of the plantation, the class struggle between dark and light skinned, the different lifestyles of city and country people, and the lack of a cohesive culture are all ideas toughed upon in the writings of Michele Cliff, Sidney Mintz, and Antonio Benitez-Rojo. The distinct difference in styles is what separates these writings. Cliff writes from the viewpoint of an islander, while Mintz and Benitez-Rojo write from a European point of view.
All three authors begin by "telling" the history of the region in different ways. Mintz describes the Caribbean using nine distinct similarities, that he feels all islands have in common. He paints a picture of explorers "island-hopping" and discovering characteristics of each island. Mintz goes on by saying that the sole purpose for colonization was the plantation and the products of that plantation (mainly sugar). He continues by stating that the Caribbean is "western society" formed by European ideals and thoughts that were infused into the everyday life of the islands and its inhabitants. He says, that because of this heavy European influence, the Caribbean has no real culture. Its culture was formed by the teachings of European ideals and the remembered African tradition, which they brought over with them.
Benitez-Rojo speaks of a rhythm that is present in the Caribbean. He does not believe that there is a Caribbean culture. He does say that the people of the Caribbean have a certain rhythm to them. "It is rhythm that puts all the Caribbean peoples in ‘the same boat,’ over and above separations imposed on them by ‘nationality and race,’ it is rhythm—not a specific cultural expression—that confers Caribbeanness."
Cliff doesn’t really go into a description of the whole Caribbean. She tells the story of a light skinned Jamaican named Clare.
The novel deals with the pain and pleasure of the past and present and how that effects the identity construction of an individual. The ethnic/racial identity of an individual can be influences by the complexities of a post-colonial society filled with social clashes, inferiority, and the othering of individuals. The novel focuses on the Haitians who have migrated to the Dominican Republic to escape poverty but are still alienated and devalued because of their poor economical conditions. By migrating to the Dominican Republic and crossing the boundary between the two countries they are symbolically being marked as ‘other’ and seen as ‘inferior’ by
7. Senior, Olive. Working Miricles: Women's Lives in the English-speaking Caribbean. London: James Currey Ltd, 1991.
The escaped slaves who lived in this swamp, and those like it, are more well known as “maroons”. The 20-acre island that these maroons inhabited followed traditional rules of an African Village. This meant that the community had prominent chiefs and followed africanized religious practices (Grant, 2016). Much, if not all, of the labor was communal. Charlie, a previous inhabitant
...spoke a Spanish Creole. This made a clear distinction between the two and made it easy for the government to identify the difference. The reader sees how such themes of Birth and Death show so prominently throughout the characters that one must focus on how birth and deaths affect the concept of the individual relating to their own Negritude. It is culture, not skin tones but rather the beliefs and values that each country be it Haiti or Dominican Republic relate to. Danticat’s novel helps us understand the strengths and limits that Rene Depestre states in The Birth of Caribbean Civilisation “there is a progressive ‘negritude’ that expounds the need to rise above all the alienations of man . . . and there is “an irrational reactionary and mystic version of ‘negritude’ which serves . . . as a cultural base for neo-colonialist penetration into our countries” (244).
Imperialism in the Caribbean region produced institutions and movements that deeply affected and continue to affect the Caribbean region. Interpersonal conflicts related to gender, sex and sexuality in a character represent the colonization and its ongoing effects in the Caribbean region. Throughout the semester we have read many novels that have emphasized Caribbean women’s subjectivities and how they have been obliterated through race, gender, ethnicity and sexuality. Elizabeth Nunez’s novel, Bruised Hibiscus, is a Caribbean novel filled with the complexities of colonization and patterns of power in the lives of individual men and women. Colonization is definitely represented as part of the problem in this novel; however, Nunez’s readers realize the domination of men over women in European colonialism as well as the differences between passion and power, black and white, and male and female. Bruised Hibiscus is a dark exploration of power and sexuality due to the finding of a murdered woman’s body that causes consciousness of both women. The empowerment created through interpersonal conflicts often results in the life one lives based on the power exhibited through gender, sex and sexuality.
With history being rewritten constantly, memories become unreliable and citizens are forced to believe in everything their ruler says. In the novel 1984, George Orwell depicts a totalitarian society where every bit of information released by the government is fabricated. The seemingly omnipotent Party rewrites the content of all books, newspapers, articles, and documents for its own ends. It even has the Ministry of Truth, a department dedicated to modify recorded facts and make sure that "changes in political alignment, or mistaken prophecies uttered by Big Brother, have been rewritten a dozen times still stood on the files bearing its original data, and no other copy existed to contradict it" (Orwell 40). For instance, the Party estimates one hundred and forty-five million pairs of boots is produced for the quarter. The actual output, however, is only sixty-two millions. In order to claim that the quota has been overfilled, the Party asks its Ministry of Truth to mark the forecast figure down to fifty-seven millions (Orwell 41). From this example, one can see how easily it can be for the government to cover up its mistakes, to erase or create history, and to abuse the very existence of facts. While the Party amends the reported data in the interests of presenting itself as infallible and omniscient, the Oceanian citizens care less about these numbers. The reason being that people can no longer tell the truths from lies after so many tiresome years of doubting the validity of every information expounded by the government. Even if they know...
In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, there are many instances of an extremely ubiquitous problem, even in today’s society, which is discrimination. The book is set in the time of America’s Great Depression, and focuses on three key summers in the lives of Scout and Jem Finch. They are the daughter and son of a lawyer named Atticus Finch, who later in the book takes on the case of Tom Robinson, a black man who is accused of raping a woman named Mayella Ewell. Throughout the novel, the author focuses on the way that the children take in the events and the world around them. Another major character, who is only seen by the children once in the novel, is Arthur “Boo” Radley, who has been turned into the equivalent of a horror story character by rumours spread around the town. Scout, Jem, and their friend Dill have had an obsession with getting him to come
Here let’s define what we mean when discussing the Bauhaus and the related design principles or “Bauhaus Ideals”. One of the founding principles of the Bauhaus was that Gropius wanted to create a universal space for collaboration among artists, writers, and craftsmen and braking down the common professional boundaries that separate occupations. This concept can also be seen in the design of spaces which use the “Bauhaus Ideal” in the use of an open floor plan creating common space for everyone to join in collaboration.
The Bauhaus was a school for art, design and architecture founded in Weimar, Germany with a core objective “to reimagine the material world to reflect the unity of all the arts.” Before the Bauhaus was established, fine arts were seen to hold a higher esteem than craftsmanship The Bauhaus intended to change this feeling about the arts. The Bauhaus wanted to create products that were simple in design which as a result could be easily mass produced. Of all the principles taught at the Bauhaus, form follows function summed up the schools main philosophy. Architecture and design should reflect the new period in history, and adapt to the era of the machine was one founding principal of the Bauhaus school. Students began with a preliminary course that taught the basic Bauhaus theory and then were allowed to enter into specialized workshops. Throughout the years, it moved to Dessau and then Berlin and ending with the closure by Nazi soldiers. As a result of its existence, the Bauhaus had a major impact on art, design, and architecture trends throughout the rest of the century.
The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 by the architect Walter Gropius in Weimar Germany. The Bauhaus core perceptions were envisioning the material world to reflect their manifesto. This described utopian art and crafts inspired declaration of policy and aims, in fundamental ways only, incorporating all the subject areas studied at the Bauhaus (Alexandra, G.W. 2007). The Bauhaus combined components of both fine arts and design including workshops on architecture, painters, and sculptors, it produces unity between craft, the first school of its kind (Alexandra, G.W. 2007). One of the key ideas of the Bauhaus was to obtain functionality.
In her short novel Wide Sargasso Sea, Jean Rhys critiques the patriarchal structure of 19th century Jamaica through the story of the novel’s main antagonist, “madwoman” Antoinette. Living in a world where her European and indigenous heritage are clashing due to political events, Antoinette faces a crisis in choosing which culture to pursue and please. The Emancipation Act of 1833 destroyed the livelihood of many slave owners such as Antoinette’s father who drank himself to death shortly after the Act was passed. In her early childhood, Antoinette is ostracized by both her European heritage as her family’s fortune has crumbled, and her indigenous heritage as their servants maintain their distance from the failing family. Raised by a mother who makes no attempt to properly nurture her children, Antoinette lacks a strong female role model to guide her through adolescence. Taking after her mother, Antoinette is often faced with intense feelings of intimacy and embraces her sensuality. These feelings are often suppressed by European culture, especially for women. Yet, although convention discouraged her sensuality Rochester, her eventual husband, lusts after the Caribbean women, which only deepens Antoinette’s moral crisis. As the novel draws closer and closer to its final pages, Rochester fights to keep Antoinette’s sensuality suppressed and attempts to become the dominant
We know that the author is describing is the emergence of the modern approach to architecture and indeed, the modernist movement itself. The author discuss the modernist views that there was a real need for social reform. That society itself ought to be re-evaluated and re-shaped. Modernists believed that their “machine aesthetic” and ideas of mass production were the only way in which society could propel itself toward a more progressive
Throughout history an even today, Caribbean scholars contend that Caribbean relations are characterized by an interplay of race, class and gender. Clarke agree with this statement and said that, “The social structure of the Caribbean region is based on differences associated with class, race or colour, ethnicity and culture (Clarke, 2013). These three (3) components of race, class and gender affect each other in one way or the other. In other word, one’s class position may be dependent on his or her race or gender or one’s gender may determine his or her class position in society. It is important to note that the interplay of race, class and gender in the Caribbean differs from island to island. This essay will discuss the extent to which
“Through it all” guides us into the life of a Caribbean family as seen through the eyes of the daughter, Andreide D’verette, also with a glimpse of the mother’s point of view. The book dealt with the economic and social issues of the Caribbean based on a historical perspective. The author encountered a dilemma of self-doubt about publishing a Caribbean based book due to the many rejections, however after 10 years of determination her book was finally published.(Giselle Mills) The book shows that even Caribbean families experience challenges with their Caribbean identity and lifestyle, gender sexuality and religion.
To better understand the differences and similarities between Caribbean islands and the people who inhabit them, a look at the works of three individuals can be of assistance. The first, Sidney Mintz, was a knowledgeable historian and well respected authority on the Caribbean. His article, titled, “The Caribbean as a Socio-cultural Area,” is based upon his efforts to create a rigid taxonomy of the Caribbean’s past and how that past affected the present. The second author, Antonio Benitez-Rojo, attempts to do the same thing as Mintz, albeit in a more modern and open-minded way, by breaking down the ideas of what makes the Caribbean the Caribbean. Benitez-Rojo uses the idea of “rhythms” to describe the connection and ideas of community that, to him, make up the idea of “the Caribbean.” The final author is not a historian or literary critic like the previous two, but she does offer perhaps the most revealing look at what life is like on a Caribbean island out of the three. Michelle Cliff is a writer from Jamaica and in her two works, Abeng and “If I Could Write This in Fire, I Would Write This in Fire,” she explores the de...