Surveying dates back to the ancient Greeks, Romans and Egyptians where they used simple things such as water to help create a level structure. As the world began to industrialize and surveying became a necessity and the level once used by the Greeks had to adapt. Today with the help of technology we have moved from hand calculations and tedious leveling to self-compensating levels that give us the fastest and most accurate readings.
In the mid 1600s a man by the name of Melchisedech Thevenot was the first to revolutionize leveling when he decided to seal water in a vial. The vial contained an air bubble that would move to the left or right depending on the levelness of the object. Today this surveying tool is called the spirit level. Technology has helped improve the accuracy by swapping the water with ethanol, which has a lower freezing point. This improvement helps prevents variance in measurement based on colder weather, and freezing. We find the first use of the spirit level on a geological survey in 1857 where they were used to connect tide gauges from Albany to New York City. This was an extremely large project over a large area and due to inaccuracies the measurements had to be repeated five times. The inaccuracies of the spirit level forced the Coast and Geological Survey (G.S) to search for a more accurate and faster instrument that could be used for surveying.
In 1871, the wye level was created to help survey larger parts of land with more accuracy. The wye level consists of a telescope attached to a horizontal bar by y-shaped supports allowing for easy adjustments and a spirit level attached to the side to level the instrument. The instrument is then placed on a tri pod sited on a target and read with a...
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...ings. Although the readings are done similarly to previous instruments technology allows a surveyor to save data on the level and work on multiple projects at one time. The software automatically calculates the error affected by temperature bringing automation to the new level. Improvements in technology have made self-leveling levels easy to use reliable and very accurate.
Although we have technology as an aid today we use some of the same techniques and ideas that the Greeks used and those in the 1600s. Melchisedech Thevenot created the spirit level in 1600, which is still used today by carpenters and engineers around the world. Surveyors using self-leveling instruments are still using the techniques that G.S used to survey and mark the 39th parallel. Technology has not changed the technique just made surveying faster, more accurate and easier to conduct.
To measure velocity we had to get an orange and let it flow down a
Gabrysch, R. K. and C.W. Bonnett. "Land Surface subsidence at Seabrook, Texas US." Geological Survey 1977: 21-74. 48 pp.
The sharp differences in elevation between the Badwater Basin and the surrounding mountains that include the highest point in the continental US (Mt. Whitney at 14,494 feet) stand as a representation of the regions violent tectonic past. The mountains themselves are considered fault block mountain ranges meaning that they were formed when blocks of rocks were squeezed through the Earth's crust along parallel faults or were loosened from the crust when it separated at a fault. In the valley, both of these methods not only were the cause of the current mountains formation less than four million years ago, but also are causing the mountains to be uplifted while the valley floor drops even further. This phenomenon is one of the reasons why the lowest and highest points in the continental...
to use a system or land survey similar to that used in the western part of
Archaeology is a continuously evolving field where there is a constant stream of new branches and excavation methods. Due to the influx of new technologies and innovations in recent decades, archaeologists have been able to excavate previously inaccessible areas. For example, new diving equipment and tools such as proton magnetometers, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, and miniature submarines have allowed archaeologists to dive into the deep depths of the ocean. As a result, the branch of underwater archaeology was created to search for shipwrecks and other artifacts on the ocean floor. Underwater archaeology’s role has increased in recent years as it allows archaeologists to more accurately interpret the past by supplementing information gained through traditional land excavations.
On the other hand Nile flooding caused some problems in landmarks. Simple geometry had to be found to keep the boarder and a simple system metric (invention of the nilometer) to study the Nile flow and flood every year. As the state grew and more complex religious and political systems started to emerge, the need for a system to record events and rituals was growing too.
There have been many inventions throughout history and some of them have been a lot more helpful than others. The GPS, the Pacemaker, and the cell phone are all very important innovations made to the new world. Without these modern day inventions a lot of thing and the way we interact would be different
3. After the purchase of land (cookie) and equipment, the cookie was placed on the graph paper and its outline was traced. Then, the initial topography of the region was determined and recorded (Turn the cookie on its side and draw the side-view).
2. The surveyor is also the person who retraces the boundaries created originally and creates new evidence for future su...
/ charted on a map, this is better explained in the next line where he
For each stream reach four cross sections were also sampled. At each cross section the samplers performed a heel to toe test to check the consistency of the streams substrate. This test is performed by walking heel to toe accros the creek and picking up everything under the samplers toes. The results of the substrate were averaged by using a code silt=1, sand=2, gravel=3, cobble=4, and boulder=5. The samplers measured the width of the creek and the ordinary high water mark (OHWM). The samplers determined the amount of shade on the creek at each cross section.
...rent to modern scientific maps; it drew on a number of sources mentioned above, such as art, the writings of Pliny, the influence of Roman mapping, and the beliefs and superstitions of the medieval world. The Map is an insight into medieval world, and acts as an encyclopaedia charting different historical events within. The Hereford Map is also an art work demonstrating that a map is not just a geographical representation of an area but that it can give a huge amount of historical insight
Many oscilloscopes have on-screen cursors that let you take waveform measurements automatically on-screen, without having to count graticule marks. Basically, cursors are two horizontal lines for voltage measurements and two vertical lines for time measurements that you can move around the scree...
Thousands of years ago calculations were done using people’s fingers and pebbles that were found just lying around. Technology has transformed so much that today the most complicated computations are done within seconds. Human dependency on computers is increasing everyday. Just think how hard it would be to live a week without a computer. We owe the advancements of computers and other such electronic devices to the intelligence of men of the past.
Science and Technology can be traced from the origin of human life 2 million years ago and each era has significant advancement. The earliest known form of S&T were human artefacts found during prehistoric time about 2.3 million years ago, they were roughly shaped stones used for chopping and scraping, found primarily in eastern Africa. Some of the earliest record of science came from Mesopotamian cultures around 400 BC, disease symptoms, chemical substances and astronomical observations were some of the evidence of emerging science. During the same period in the Nile Valley of Egypt information on the treatment of wounds and diseases and even some the mathematical calculations you are currently doing now in fifth form such as angles, rectangles, triangles and the volume of a portion of a pyramid have been around for thousands of years.