Methods for studying cells in the lab
Centrifugation
A centrifuge is a device for separating particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed. Centrifugation can be used to separate cells from one culture or to isolate an organelle from the rest of the cell. The process relies on speed; the faster and longer the particle is centrifuged, the smaller the particles are that will be separated. Separation occurs by causing the larger particles to separate to the bottom as a particle or pellet, and the smaller will remain suspended in the liquid, or supernatant. Due to smaller particles separating out first, centrifugation is often done in small steps so that the supernatant takes off all larger unwanted cells first.
The basic process of centrifugation:
1) The tissue must be homogenized to allow it to separate.
2) A salt solution is added to the sample and together they are placed in the centrifuge.
3) The centrifuge is run once for every group of cellular bodies that need to be separated and the pellet is removed.
4) This supernatant is removed after each centrifuge until the time and speed that you need to remove your specific product is obtained.
The last centrifuge done will remove specific products that are wanted specifically. The speed determines this, and all of the lager products must be centrifuged out first. The pellet contains what the researcher wants to study, and contains progressively smaller particles as it is separated out. The supernatant becomes progressively clearer until virtually all of the particles are removed.
Density Centrifugation
Although simple centrifugation removes most cell particles separately, at certain speeds particles with similar densities and particle size will all be removed at once. A different method is needed to remove these. Density centrifugation removes particles according to their density rather than their approximate size. Density centrifugation is much like normal centrifugation other than the re-suspended pellet is placed in a test tube containing at least 10 layers of glucose.
We were then to make a base solution of 0.7 M NaOH. In order to standardize
Angela lee Duckworth’s lecture was about the key to success and success was not base on the people’s learning ability and on their IQ. However, people need to struggle to fulfill their dream. None of one born on the perfect family with lots of talent. People who have low IQ are not lazy and they are not good on anything. Here in the “Defying the Odds: Victor Cruz” victor got on scholarship to play football. Nevertheless, due to his low IQ on his Academic record, he was kick out twice in two years from Umass. He go back to his back town and start going community college. He struggle hard and never give up. He feel shy to walk here and there because the
This ad, however, has several aspects to focus on at once. Does this make it ineffective? Individual ingredients in the chips are accentuated to display the delicious flavors of each chip. Additionally, the ad follows the rule of thirds, which says if elements are placed on a third line, they will be more eye catching. (Gendelman). Static objects are main features of pictures placed in the center of the page. If a picture, or ad in this situation, has elements in the middle of the page, viewers’ eyes are drawn to the center, and then have nowhere to go from there. Therefore, objects positioned on a third line, closer to one edge, will force viewers’ eyes to follow the line. This allows the viewers to linger on advertisements longer. (Peterson). Lying on each third line are the onions, scent whirls, chips, grill rods and tomatoes. Because of this, each individual focal point becomes particularly eye catching, thus making the ad effective. Furthermore, because the ad is placed on the back cover, marketers know it will be seen more than it would be if it were in the middle of a magazine. Anyone walking by could see the ad if the magazine, for example, had been lazily tossed onto a coffee table, and landed face down. Viewers are immediately drawn to ads placed on a third line—however they are equally drawn to ads with specific colors as
According to Angela Lee “ The key to success is Grit “ . Studies show that students with Grit are more successful than the students with a high I.Q. , In fact Grity kids were most likely to graduate than their peers . The difference between kids with Grit and the others is that , Grit kids aren't willing to failure put them down , in other words they are willing to fail to start all over again . Grit kids know that failure is a part of learning and
Artificial intelligence has come a long way since the first robot. In 1950, Alan Turing of Britain publishes, Computer Machinery and Intelligence. This book was proposed to be the birth of artificial intelligence as we know it. The first robot that presents the usage of artificial intelligence was built in 1969. The purpose of this robot was to try out navigation using basic tools such as cameras and bump sensors (Marshall 371). Since then, we have made a million robots way better than this one and we’re going to continue doing so. While the world advances, so is technology. It’s slowly progressing and become better and more reliable. Artificial intelligence is a certain type of technology that is resourceful to our nation. We are using it in the medical field, it’s been helpful to military forces, and it’s helping our world become a better place.
In our society today, intelligence is craved. People act more sophisticated for the sole reason to appear more intelligent. Students take so-called “brain enhancing” drugs in attempts to out perform their peers, thinking that intelligence, faux or genuine, is their ticket to a “successful” life. What if that is not the case? Psychologist Angela Lee Duckworth certainly thinks that it isn’t. According to her recent studies, she has come up with the notion of “grit.” Grit is what she describes as “passion and perseverance for very long term goals”. To Duckworth, grit is a more powerful indicator of success than IQ. To test her theory she set out to schools, private companies and military academies administrating grit questionnaires in an attempt
Nike, Inc or Nike came to be in September 8, 1969. The main focus is to be engaged in the design, expansion, and progression and selling of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories and services. It is primarily a seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel worldwide. Nike focuses its product divisions in seven main categories: Running, Basketball, Football (Soccer), Men's Training, Women's Training, Nike Sportswear (its sports-inspired products) and Action Sports. It also sells products designed for children, as well as for other athletic and recreational uses, such as baseball, cricket, golf, lacrosse, outdoor activities, football (American), tennis, and much more. Nike’s athletic footwear products are designed primarily for specific athletic use. Though with cross training becoming ever more popular, footwear is becoming quite versatile. Nike also sells sports apparel and accessories, as well as athletic bags and accessory items. It also sells products with licensed college and professional team, and league logos. Thus allowing Nike to have a foothold in almost all places.
While Ginsberg defines artificial intelligence as "the enterprise of constructing a physical-symbol system that can reliably pass the Turing test", it is about much more than that (Ginsberg 8). It is about creating a solution where one may not have existed, and eventually programming a machine to do the same. This incredible capacity to find solutions is what AI offers to so many other fields. Artificial intelligence research is not tied to the fields of engineering, psychology, or even computer science. The techniques used in AI have found uses within a large number of other fields. Within the course of this paper, the elements of AI will be outlined, and the way in which they benefit other fields will be explored. Several examples of these fields will be described, and the way in which they incorporate AI will be discussed. Two or three of these fields will be discussed in much greater depth in the second paper, to be completed before December 5th.
LAB REPORT 1st Experiment done in class Introduction: Agarose gel electrophoresis separates molecules by their size, shape, and charge. Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, are some examples. Buffered samples such as glycerol and glucose are loaded into a gel. An electrical current is placed across the gel.
The Cell, the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multicellular organisms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t be able to live or function correctly. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class the other day we studied the Animal Cell. We were split into groups of our own and we each picked a different animal cell slide to observe. My group chose the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';.
The mixture was then cooled. Vacuum filtration was then performed on the mixture. This was done by carefully rinsing the precipitate mixture over moist, pre-weighed filter paper into a Büchner flask under vacuum. The residue was then moistened with ethanol while the flask was still under vacuum. The residue and filter paper were placed on a pre-weighed watch glass and weighed. They were then placed in a drying oven for about fifteen minutes and then reweighed. They were reweighed after a further five minutes in the oven and then again after another five minutes, so as to ensure the precipitate had been fully dried.
Humans have developed a wonderful fascination with artificial intelligence since it first introduced to the world in the 1950’s. The Merriam-Webster defined Artificial Intelligence as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers.” Another definition is “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.” Computer science was cool on its own but to incorporate human intelligence into it sounded like a ground breaking idea. There would be no limit to what humans can do with intelligent machines and computer programming. In the 1950s this type of technology seemed far beyond a scientists’ lifetime but almost 70 years later, scientists/researchers are able to have artificial as part
Equipment Potato, Borer, Beakers, Measuring Cylinder, Stopclocks, Distilled Water, Electronic Balance, Salt solutions of various concentrations. Diagram [IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE] When we leave the potato in the solution for the allocated time, water
To study the role of performing arts of Ramayana, from being a driving force in the construction of an ideal female to a validating tool in generating extensive enterprise to change the perspective of the society by developing a
In this lab, the law of conservation of matter is involved, which is the law that matter is conserved, it can’t be created or destroyed. This is used in our lab because after separation, the mass of the three substances combined should equal the original mixture. There are also three states of matter that are used in this lab, solid, liquid, and gas. The iron filings and sand are solid, the salt water solution is a liquid, and when the water evaporates, it is a gas. To separate the mixture we were given, we needed to use three different separation methods. These consist of magnetism, filtration, and evaporation. The first is magnetism, which is the force that can attract or repel objects. We used the magnet to