The methodology of Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) is applied for assessment of newborn brain maturity from sleep EEG. In theory this methodology provides the most accurate assessments of uncertainty in decisions. However, the existing BMA techniques have been shown providing biased assessments in the absence of some prior information enabling to explore model parameter space in details within a reasonable time. The lack in details leads to disproportional sampling from the posterior distribution. In case of the EEG assessment of brain maturity, BMA results can be biased because of the absence of information about EEG feature importance. In this paper we explore how the posterior information about EEG features can be used in order to reduce a negative impact of disproportional sampling on BMA performance. We use EEG data recorded from sleeping newborns to test the efficiency of the proposed BMA technique.
Assessment of brain maturity can be obtained by estimating newborn’s age from sleep EEG [1] - [3]. This approach is based on the clinical evidences that the post-conceptional and EEG estimated ages of healthy newborns typically match each other, and the newborn’s brain maturity is most likely abnormal if the ages mismatch [2], [4]. Thus, the mismatch alerts about abnormal brain development.
The established assessment methodologies are based on learning models from EEGs recorded from sleeping newborns whose brain maturity was already assessed by clinicians. The regression models are made capable of mapping the brain maturity into EEG based index [5]. The classification models are made capable of distinguishing maturity levels: at least one with normal and other with abnormal brain maturity [4], [6]. The established methodo...
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...heir impact on the outcome is negligible. On the contrary, when the number of weak attributes is large, the disproportion in models becomes significant. Therefore we could improve the BMA results by reducing the disproportional sampling. In this research we aim to explore whether discarding the models using weak EEG attributes will reduce the bias in the assessment of brain maturity.
A trivial strategy of using the posterior information for feature selection within BMA is to use this information to learn a new ensemble from a data set in which the weak attributes were deleted. This strategy reduces a model parameter space, and therefore it enables to explore this space in more detail. The other strategy that can be thought of is refining the ensemble by discarding models which use weak attributes. We expect that such refinement can improve the BMA performance.
The NEPSY-II covers six different cognitive domains, including: executive function and attention, language, memory and learning, sensorimotor, visuospatial ...
Infants are born aware of their environment from the moment of birth. This suggests that at birth the visual and auditory systems of infants are intact and fully functional.
Hamlin, H. "Life or Death by EEG." Journal of the Amedos. Medical A's',, 1W12/84, p. 20.
...however issues such as reliability, validity and bias occur when studying brain damaged patients therefore is not always a valid way of studying working memory (in Smith, 2007).
Xu, J., Kobayashi, S., Yamaguchi, S., Iijima, K. I., Okada, K., & Yamashita, K. (2000). Gender effects on age-related changes in brain structure. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 21(1), 112-118.
In normal sleeping patterns a person usually passes through five phases of sleep, the fifth being REM. The sleeping human passes cyclically through these five phases throughout a night's rest. These phases can be defined in electrical activity of the brain; much like the activity of the heart is often defined. The technique of measuring the electrical activity of the brain is call Electro-encephalogram, or EEG. When the electrical events of a person's brain are graphed on a electrical magnitude versus time axis the graph of a person who is in different stages of being asleep or awake appear to have different levels of electrical activity occurring in the brain. (See (14))
Rollins, Kristin. (2005). Brain not fully developed until age 25. Retrieved February 12, 2011, from http://www.academic.marist.edu/mwwatch/fall05/science1.htm
Many people believe the myth that a baby’s brain is fully formed at birth. However the notion has been uncovered in that last twenty years as false. A baby’s brain continues to form and develop after birth. Inside the human brains are small cell bodies called neurons. Neurons are the operating pieces in the brain. Every neuron is connected to dendrites, or arms. Dendrites connect one neuron to another and can detect chemical signals with a synapse, a part where nerve impulses are broadcasted or accepted. An electrical impul...
Brain Development in early childhood is dependent on many factors. As the brain develops, cognitive, social and language acquisition activities build up. During cognition development language will naturally emerge. There are many factors that give to the outcome of brain development. As stated in The Development of Children, 2013 early brain development increases at a rapid rate. The brain does slow down its growth after infancy until there is another spurt around adolescence. The brain reaches about eighty percent of its mature weight at the onset of early childhood. At about five years of age, the brain is closer to ninety percent of its mature weight. Many significant changes occur during this slower time of early brain stages. “As seen within the brain the growth allows for myelination to continue. Myelination is when the brain that increases the spread of neural impulses to various areas of the head. During early childhood myelination occurs in the frontal cortex section of the brain. This fosters more cognitive protocol for the child” (Lightfoot, Cole 2013).
As previously stated, neuroimaging science and study began in the early 1900s. The “great granddaddy” of functional brain viewing is electroencephalography, or EEG, and was invented by a German researcher by the name of Hans Berger. This exceptional neurologist discovered that the electrical activity of the brain is detectable outside the head. Following Berger’s steps, a group of scientists came up with ...
During infancy (2-8 months), respiratory control is almost entirely dependent on brain stem control (Naeye). Due to the fact that this is also the peak time for SIDS, the hypothesis ...
“If you think about the brain and the brain development if we don’t stimulate the brain then of course there is going to be lack of development.” (“Unruh”). Development is sempiternal in life, it moves through many stages into life such as learning to grasp a fork properly to grasping the thought of death. General development stages begin at birth and last till about age of 18, but the most important development stages start from birth and last till about six years of age. These early stages will affect how one will behave, interpret, and learn throughout the duration of one’s life. While bodily changes are rapidly occurring and the beginning of thought, opinion, and reason are just forming. It is important to understand as future parents or caregivers how and when their child, even if premature, is developing socially, cognitively, or physically.
The early stages of a child’s lifespan is the most crucial part of their overall development. “Brain and biological development during this time is influenced by an infant's environment”(Statistics
12-Matthew J. Brooks. Jiri Vrba, Karen J. Mullinger, Geroa Bjork Geirsdottir, Winston X. Yan, Claire M. Stevenson, Richard Bowtell, Petter G. Morris. Source Ilcalisation in concurrent EEG/fMRI: Application at 7T. NeuroImage 45(2009) 440-452.
EEG (Electroencephalography) technology is used to measure brain's electrical vibrations from the surface of the scalp. The resulting EEG pattern will contain frequency elements mainly below 30Hz. The frequencies are categorized into four states as follows: State Frequency range Amplitude State of mind