Introduction
Rectal cancer is one of the major causes of cancer mortality in the world[1]. MRI is considered as the best modality for rectal cancer staging as it facilitates assessment of the mesorectal fascia with high accuracy[2],[3],[4],[5]. MRI is capable of diagnosing rectal cancer very accurately. T stage (tumor stage) stands for depth of rectal wall invasion by the tumor. In preoperative T staging of rectal cancer, the reported overall accuracy is 71–91%[2]. Prognosis of rectal cancer is determined by extramural venous invasion (EMVI), the distance of mesorectal extension (DME), the number of lymph nodes involved, perineural invasion and involvement of CRM[6]. Due to the selection of accurate treatment methods such as neo-adjuvant/adjuvant
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T3 tumors penetrate the muscularis propria and invade into the subserosa. T3 rectal cancer is sub-classified as T3a, T3b, T3c and T3d if DME is < 1 mm, 1–5 mm, > 5–15 mm and > 15 mm respectively. The extramural depth of tumor invasion for T3a (< 1 mm) on MRI is too small for measurement and can vary from person to person. Because the distance is very narrow, therefore, the diagnosis might frequently differ from person to person that finally result in the different treatment method. One of the studies suggested that with respect to 5-year disease free survival rate, there was no significant difference between T3a and T3b or T3c and T3d, but was statistically significant when re-categorized as T3ab and T3cd using 5mm as cutoff point[10]. Many previous studies investigated the prognosis of T3 subdivision using various cutoff points (4mm, 5mm, 6mm) and came to conclusion that deeper the tumor invasion, worst the prognosis [11][12]. Recently, using 5mm as a cutoff point to differentiate early and advanced T3 rectal cancer is highly acceptable. According to recent studies, patients with DME more than 5 mm should be identified properly because they have the worse prognosis compared to patients with DME less than 5
In this paper I will clarify the relation between the integumentary system and the skeletal system. During this paper I will address how the two systems work together to maintain homeostasis and what occurs when balance is not maintained between the integumentary and skeletal system. During this paper I will explain how osteoporosis is directly linked between both the integumentary and skeletal system and ways to prevent or yield this disease.
My interest in MRI started when I first read the book “MRI, The Basics” written by the author Ray Hashemi. By the time I successfully finished my MRI clinical placement in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, I knew for sure that MRI would be the field I would be choosing to take on. What attracts me most about MRI is how beautifully scientist could create a technology that can take advantage of the magnetic moments of human body for imaging it without any harms of ionizing radiation. Although there are drawbacks to MRI, combining it with other modalities would be a more effective approach to an accurate diagnosis.
Surgery is the oldest type of treatment for cancer. In its earlier use, surgery was not as successful as it is today. This was due to the difficulties involved with the anesthesias, excessive blood loss, respiratory distress, and a number of other complications. Tumors were removed, but metastases had formed, and the cancer returned quickly. In modern day surgery, namely laser surgery, these difficulties do not occur as readily. There are four basic ways to use surgery. One way is a diagnostic biopsy. This is a technique that involves removing part of the tumor, in order to test for malignancy. Another technique is surgery that removes the primary tumor. A third technique is removal of lymphatic tumors and metastases, which can help reduce the recurrence of cancer. The fourth technique is a combination of surgeries to detect and treat a malignant or benign tissue mass (1).
Colon cancer develops in the part of the gastrointestinal tract that absorbs water and minerals before waste products are disposed via the rectum. In women endometrial cancer is related to colon cancer. This type of cancer is the second leading cause of death due to cancer in the United States. Over one-hundred fifty thousand individuals will be diagnosed this year and this cancer will probably be responsible for about 47,900 deaths in 1999 (http://www.cancer.org). Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas that develop from the glandular cells. Ninety percent of all colon cancer cases will develop in individuals after 50 years of age. Ninety percent of all tumors arise from polyps that are commonly found in people older than 50. Prevention includes regular exercise and a diet high in fiber. The most important risk factor is age. Medical screening includes a yearly blood occult test after age 50 and a colonoscopy every 3 years after age 50. Regular screening detects polyps that have become precancerous. If regular screening is not done, the cancer is not detected until blood is found in the...
The tumor may be shown by a blood test or felt in the areas of the prostate during rectal exam, but the cancer cells are only in the prostate gland.
One of the most recently new advances in radiology is the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI has been around for the past century. It was at first called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and then it changed to MRI once there was an available image. Walter Gerlach and Otto Stern were the first scientists to start experimenting with the magnetic imaging. Their very first experiment was looking at the magnetic moments of silver by using some type of x-ray beam. The scientists then discovered this was by realizing that the magnetic force in the equipment and in the object itself. In 1975, the first image was finally created using and MRI machine. The scientists used a Fourier Transformation machine to reconstruct images into 2D. The first images ever use diagnostically was in 1980. This is when hospitals began to use them. At first the images took hours to develop and were only used on the patients that needed it most. Even though MRI has been around for a long time, it has advanced and has been one of the best imaging modalities recently (Geva, 2006).
Each stage is characterized by an A, B, or C letter, depending on the degree to which the symptoms present themselves. The differences in each stage are as follows: stage 1 is when the cancer is either found in one ovary or both, stage 2 the tumor is found in one or both ovaries and extends to other pelvic structures, stage 3 the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen or to the lymph nodes and finally in stage 4 the cancer has spread to other organs in the body including the liver or lungs (Ovarian Cancer National Alliance). Cancer is “staged” by taking a sample of the infected tissue surgically and sending it to a lab for examination. Staging is crucial in order for medical professionals to determine which course of treatment would be the most effective for the given patient. If misdiagnosed, an entire area affected by this disease could potentially be missed and left untreated.
Colon cancer forms in the colon, the largest part of the large intestine. Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucosa and other fluids.) I chose colon cancer because my grandpa had colon cancer. He died in the nineteen fifties when my mom was 7. I know that cancer research has come a long way and I think that had he been alive today, he would have most likely survived. I just want to know more about colon cancer, because my mom is high risk of cancer, being that her dad died from colon cancer and my grandma is a survivor of ovarian cancer. My Mom is also in her early 60's which doesn't really mean anything, but the risk of cancer does get higher as you get...
CLE can be used for the endoscopic evaluation of BE and for the accurate estimation of lesions’ extent and lateral margins to guide endoscopic treatment. CLE is not helpful in assessing the depth of invasion of early neoplastic lesions or in endoscopic surveillance after ablative or resective therapy. VLE is a new imaging modality with limited studies. However, early experience suggests that VLE appears to be a valuable imaging modality in its ability to identify sub-squamous Barrett’s esophagus and buried Barrett’s glands after mucosal ablation. Overall, CLE and VLE have not been adopted widely due to limited availability, high cost and need for specific operator training. The major limitation of all studies assessing the the role of CLE and VLE in screening and surveillance for BE is that they were all performed by expert endoscopists in tertiary referral centers with a population enriched in regard to the proportion of patients with dysplasia. Despite developments in advanced imaging techniques, these techniques are not included in standard surveillance guidelines and WLE with random biopsies remains the gold standard for BE
Anterior knee pain plagues the athletic community, the most common being runner’s knee or patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). One point or another in an athlete’s career they have experienced this kind of pain. When comparing between male and female athletes and who has the higher chance of knee pain, female athletes have a higher prevalence than male athletes (Dolak KL). There are several different mechanisms of patellofemoral pain a few being: pes planus,an increased Q angle, weak, tight or an imbalance in the quadriceps or hip muscles. Recently in my clinic site as the spring sports such as, baseball, soccer and track and field the athlete’s perform a lot of squatting, running, and kneeling which load the patellofemoral joint. We are now starting to see several and treat several athletes with patellofemoral knee pain. Each of them experiencing the pain from a different mechanism. As an athletic trainer we want to treat not only the symptoms, but the mechanism of injury to prevent further injuries down the road. If patellofemoral pain syndrome is not properly treated it can develop into chronic diseases such as chondromalacia or arthritis, maybe eventually leading to a total knee plan. (Lee SE) Treatment while the athletes are young and symptoms aren’t severe is key to preventing further injury.
Cancer has become leading cause of death across world in the class of non-communicable diseases. This has led to massive research in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Diagnosis of cancer in early stages could prevent its spread to other organs of the body and possible cure of the patient. More and more different types of cancers are being identified and mostly they have to be treated differently. Cancer classification plays a very important role in cancer diagnosis. Earlier strategies used for cancer classification: morphological and clinical had some limitations. They were not able to predict cancer subtypes accurately. It has been identified that giving treatment according to the tumor type is more effective for the patients. Tumors of a particular type of cancer differ at the molecular level, i.e. the genetic level.
The Spleen by Anne Finch, the Countess of Winchelsea, presents an interesting poetic illustration of depression in the spleen. The spleen for Finch is an enigma, it is mysterious, shape-shifting, and melancholic. Melancholy leads the subject to flashes of a grander, terrifying emotion: the sublime. The subject of Finch’s Pindaric ode experiences the sublime, and yet has the uncanny ability to reflect and reason on the feeling with acuity--even though the subject suffers from depression, which in effect dulls sensory information. The fact that she intensely perceives the sublime suggests a paradox where dulled senses can produce a penetrative emotional episode. To understand the paradox, the theory of the sublime and Finch’s engagement with the sublime in The Spleen must be traced to conceive the state of the dulled mind in the thrall of an infinite, and transcendent wave of emotion. The focus of this essay is that Finch understands that Dullness, as a by-product of depression, enables rational thought during a sublime experience. Furthermore, she thus illustrates her experience through images where she emphasizes her sensory information and her feelings, which were supposedly numbed by depression. Her feelings, indicated in The Spleen, are the crux to how Finch is able to simultaneously feel numb, and process the sublime.
Different characteristics of tumours may point to malignancy in some organs but in other locations may indicate a benign growth. For example, Thieme indicates that “an echopenic halo suggests metastasis in the liver but suggests a...
The digestive system is a very important system in the human body. It is a group of organs that work together to turn food into energy and nutrients in the entire body. The food that was chewed in a humans’ mouth now passes through a long tube that is inside of the body that is known as the alimentary canal. The alimentary canal is made of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. Those few things are not the only important accessories of the digestive system there is also the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
“Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, esophagus, and small intestine as a result of an imbalance of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. These acidic digestive juices are secreted by the cells of the stomach. Named for where they are found, “peptic ulcers are a very common and often reoccurring health problem, and it is estimated that more than 20 million Americans will experience a peptic ulcer in their lifetime” (Cleveland).