ABSTRACT
Purpose: To test the larvicidal, nematicidal, antifeedant and antifungal effects of Mentha spicata root extract. Ten solvents extracts were investigated for their total flavonoids, phenol contents and then screened for larvicidal, nematicidal, antifeedant, and antifungal activities.
Methods: The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by using the FC (Folin?Ciocalteu) method and total flavonoid content was determined by AlCl3 colorimetric assay. Four solvents extracts were screened for antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Candia albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans (recultured) and Microsporum audouinii using an agar diffusion method. The nematicidal activities of the compounds were evaluated against juvenile
…show more content…
Folin?Ciocalteu reagent consists of a yellow acidic solution containing complex polymeric ions which are formed from phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic heteropoly acids [14].
The content of total phenolics in the various organic and water extract of these plants were determined and were expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry plant. Total phenolic compounds amounts of ten solvent range from 0.3 ? 0.43 to 83.4 ? 0.89 mg GAE/g, water exhibited the highest amount of phenolic whereas the lowest from hexane was shown in menthe spicata. The amount of total phenolic compounds are represented in Table 1. Comment by OfficialStation: How many plant did you use? Comment by OfficialStation: Lowest in the Table is not hexxane
Determination of total flavanoid contents Flavonoids are the most common and widely distributed group of plant phenolic compounds, which is ever-present in fruits and vegetables. Total flavonoid values of the extracts ranged from 0.4 ? 0.12 to 91.9 ? 0.14 mg CE/100g. The highest value was observed in water extract whereas lowest were for toluene, n-butanol, n-propanol, isopropanol extracts. These results are shown in Table
…show more content…
The test was carried out by room temperature and measured the toxicity influence of the compounds. The water extract were produced 100 % mortality at 30?g/mL. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extract are of lower toxicity and produced 100 % mortality at 40?g/mL. The hexane extract was very low in toxicity and produced 55 % mortality at 40?g/mL concentration. The extracts were of lethal effect and killed 50 % of nematodes and their LD50 values were 36.45, 13.07, 12.56 and 11.78 ?g/mL respectively, the values are summarized in Table
The pigment line of the sample leaf was extracted by repeatedly rolling a coin along a ruler edge that held the leaf 1.5-2cm from the bottom of Whatman #1 chromatography paper. Subsequently, a saturated environment was created to ensure that the solvent was separated by placing the beaker containing the rolled Whatman paper with the sample line on the outside into a mason jar containing the separation solvent, and sealing both compartments.
Fries, A. A., & West, C. J. (1921). Chemical warfare,. New York [etc.: McGraw-Hill book company, inc..
Anthocyanins, flavanols, flavanones,secoiridoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, coumarins, and isoflavones form a large class of polyphenols, which are phenolic compounds. This study, however, focuses on one category of these phenolic compounds: phenolic acids. These particular compounds have been classified into two groups, namely hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids. The most common hydroxybenzoic acids are protocatechuic acid and gallic acid, while hydroxycinnamic acids include ferulic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and sinapic acid, (Nigdikar, Williams, Griffin, & Howard). Unlike hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids usually occur at very low levels in some black radish, red fruits, and onions, accounting for about 10 ppm on a fresh weight basis. Protocatechuic ac...
The crude extract obtained by solvent extraction was subjected to various qualitative tests to detect the presence of common chemical constituents as:
Saxena, M. C., Siddiqui, K.J., Agarwal, Vinita and D. Kuuty. 1983. A comparison of organochlorine insecticide contents in specimens of maternal blood, placenta, and umbilical-cord blood from stillborn and live-born cases. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health: II: 7 1 - 79.
Plant defences are those mechanisms employed by plants in response to herbivory and parasitism. According to Hanley et al. (2007), “the tissues of virtually all terrestrial, freshwater, and marine plants have qualities that to some degree reduce herbivory, including low nitrogen concentration, low moisture content, toxins or digestibility-reducing compounds”. The type of chemical defence may be species specific (Scott 2008). The defences that plants possess may be in the form of chemical production or in the form of physical defences such as thorns or spikes and even through reinforced, rigid leaves. “The compounds that are produced in response to herbivory can either have a direct effect on the attacker itself (e.g. toxins or digestibility reducers), or serve as indirect defenses by attracting the natural enemies of the herbivores” (Bezemer & van Dam 2005). This essay will focus on chemical plant defences and in particular the effects of terpenes, phenolics, nitrogen-based defences as well as allelopathy in plants.
Lindberg, D. (n.d.). Herbal Medicine: MedlinePlus. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbal
Step 2: Diethyl 2, 4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoylmalonate is partially hydrolyzed and decarboxylated with tosylic acid to yield ethyl 2, 4-dichoro–5 fluorobenzoylacetate (17).
The effectiveness of any plant is not due to the action of any one chemical as modern science would have you believe. When plants are synthesized in a lab, they are analyzed to find their most potent and active components. The rest of the plant is left behind. What science is forgetting is that each leaf, stem, flower and root work in their own unique way to deliver what is need to the body.
In this experiment, lipids from ground nutmeg are extracted using a combination of solvents and identify the lipids through chromatography. The purpose of using solvent combinations is to elute the lipids based on their polarity to binding of the silica gel. The chromatography is performed on a silica gel plate and the use of iodine to visualize the lipids. By calculating the Rf values for each compound and comparing them to the known lipids, we are able to distinguish the lipids within the grounded nutmeg.
The last procedure was the purification of acetanilide. The remaining half of the crude product was recrystallized in our chosen solvent of water. The hot solvent was added in 5 mL increments until all of the crystals were dissolved. It was then let to cool at room temperature and later in an ice bath. The crystals were isolated via vacuum filtration and allowed to dry for a week to yield white crystals.
Pesticide is a chemical used to prevent, wipe out and control the pest problem in agriculture. The use of pesticides have become a common practice around the world, and used almost everywhere, such as agricultural fields, homes, park and school, and so on. Most pesticides are insecticides, herbicides and fungicides that have distinct purposes. Insecticides are used to control insects; herbicides are used to destroy plants; fungicides are used to prevent molds and mildews. Most commonly pesticides contain highly toxic chemical such as Acid copper chromate (ACC), Acephate and Chlorpyrifos, and so on. One of example of insecticides, Chlorpyrifos, sprays widely on a variety of food and golf courses in order to control pests in a cornfield. However, “Chlorpyrifos can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can over stimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures (e.g., accidents or major spills), respiratory paralysis and death.” (EPA GOV) In the market has thousands of products are similar as Chlorpyrifos.
The air-dried powdered leaves was defatted with petroleum ether for 24 h followed by extracting with ethanol using a soxhlet apparatus for 18hours. After extraction, the liquid extract was concentrated under vacuum to yield dry extract. The dried residue (extract) was preserved in a desiccator until further use . About 5 g of semisolid extract was incorporated into the 100 g of simple ointment base B.P. Simple ointment base was used as control group. Extract ointment was used once daily to treat different groups of animals.
They are non-essential nutrients, meaning that they are not required by the human body for sustaining life. It is well-known that plant produces these chemicals to protect them but recent research demonstrates that they can also protect humans against diseases. There are more than thousand known phytochemicals. Some of the well-known phytochemicals are lycopene in tomatoes, is flavones in soy and flavonoids in fruits. There is ample evidence to support the health benefits of diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts. Because plant based foods are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds, information on the potential health effects of individual phytochemicals is linked to information on the health effects of foods that contain those phytochemicals. Phytochemicals are plant or fruit derived chemical compounds phytonutrients refer to phytochemicals or compounds that come from edible
Tollen's reagent (Ammoniacal AgNO3) 4. Benedict's solution 5. Iodine solution 6. Chloroform (CHCl3) 7.