INTRODUCTION India, being the second largest populous country of the world, contributes about 20% of the births worldwide.1 Altough, the country has been experiencing tremendous pressure to control the growth of population, India was the first among all the developing countries which has been implementing official nationwide family planning programs to restrain population growth since 1950.2,3 The acceptance of family-planning program has been influenced by many socio-cultural and demographic factors at levels of individual, family and society.4,5 At the individual level, the positive attitudes of couples towards the use of family planning eventually determine the accomplishment of family planning programs. In the societies, where men are the bread winners and the prime decision makers of the household and family issues, women’s opinion becomes subordinate. Studies have found that, to a married woman, her husband is the most important source of information and he is the most compatible person to discuss family planning issues with her.3 Perhaps, the reason may be men usually exceed women in knowledge and accessibility of information sources.6 Women’s low level of education, low awareness and low autonomy make them dependent on their husband to take decision on family planning, especially in rural areas.7 Hence, in India, for several decades, women’s attitudes and behaviour towards fertility control through family planning has gained much attention of the demographers and social scientists.8 Conversely, men have been paid little attention by the researchers in the family planning issues, though men and women both are biologically partners in reproduction process. In fact for many years men were absent from most of the large sca... ... middle of paper ... ...lik AM, Bukhari IAS, Tahir AR. Male contraception; knowledge, attitude and practice among male population of hansra basti bhawalpur. Professional Med J. 2013;20(4): 591-594. 15. Bawah AA et al., Women’s fears and men’s anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana, Studies in Family Planning, 1999, 30(1):54–66. 16. Char A, Saavala M, Kulmala T. Male Perceptions on Female Sterilization: A Community-Based Study in Rural Centra India. International Perspectives on Sexual and ReproductiveHealth.2009; 35(3):131–138 17. Drennan M. Reproductive Health. New perspectives on men's participation. Population reports, series J: Family planning programs. 1998; Oct (46): 1-35. 18. Roudi F, Ashford L. Men and Family planning in Africa. Washington DC, Population reference Bureau (PRB), Jul 1996; (2) 3-20. Reproductive health training material.
The fact that the only physician to support contraceptives was a woman speaks volumes about the disconnect between the male and female perspective on the issue. It begs the question: Can a man objectively weigh in on this issue? Since inarguably both the physical sacrifice and emotional burden of carrying to term and caring for an unwanted child lay solely on the
Sonfield, Adam. "Sex Education Remains Active Battleground." Contraceptive Technology Update 1 Mar. 2012. Academic OneFile. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.
Oakley, Ann. “Beyond The Yellow Wallpaper.” Reproductive Health Matters 5.10 (1997): 29-39. JSTOR. Web. 7 April 2011.
As well as “Many females do not want their partners to know that they are taking any contraceptives because most men in Jamaica get angry about contraceptive use; therefore, the Depo-Provera injection is a common choice” (Miner, 2003. In this case, it’s fundamental to discuss contraceptives method in private. When I retake the “Cultural Competency
3. Chandra A; Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J (November 2005). Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S.Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services. pp. 17, 90. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
Concluding the research “Overall, 3% of women reported that a clinician had discussed emergency contraception with them in the past year, and 4% of those who had ever had sex with a man reported having used the method. Only 4% of those who had seen a gynecologist in the past year reported having received counseling. Women's likelihood of having received counseling was reduced if they were 30 or older (odds ratio, 0.2), and was elevated if they were Hispanic (4.1), black (2.6) or ever-married (2.4). Receipt of counseling in the last 12 months was the strongest predictor of eve...
Disadvantages of giving birth in Mali are numerous as one would be deprived of excellent medical facilities provided in any other country in a safe and clean hospital environment. Due to poverty, scarcity of midwives and proper child bearing centers, women have to give birth to children at home many a times. Also birth process is culturally related in Mali where circumcision of male and clitoridectomy for female is performed on the eighth day of the child’s birth in the cities of Mali. But in rest of the areas circumcision is incorporated along with other set of rituals which are performed on the occasion of the naming ceremony of the child. In Mali traditionally male and female development marked the growth from childhood to adulthood and they believe in passing of traditional and religious knowledge from old to new generation.
Who should be responsible for stopping the 120 million sperm that are released during a male orgasm from fertilizing a female’s egg? The context of that question has been a societal debate in terms of the consequences of unplanned pregnancy and whether it is a female, male or both sexes responsibility to practice “safe sex”. Introducing the birth control pill for women in the 1960s created a huge controversy between sexual conservatives and the women who would benefit from the pill, but the responsibility still remained in the hands of women. However, as medicine has advanced and the possibility of a male birth control pill has amounted, many wonder if the same issues would arise if a male birth control pill did in fact become available. In order to understand the effects on society of both individual female and male responsibilities it is essential that the women birth control pill is discussed, the male pill and lastly, what the stigmas and potential effects of both birth control pills mean.
1946 saw the birth of the Baby Boom era with more than 3.8 million babies born in that year alone.The baby boom lasted until 1964, when we saw a drastic decrease in births. This sudden and very beneficial decline could in part be attributed to the availability of birth control. Birth control, otherwise known as “contraceptives,” are very useful to many women (62%). While birth control is seen by many as a great advantage, those who disagree with it still view contraceptives as taboo or a violation of a sacred right. Contraceptives, not only help in healthy family planning, but also have many beneficial side effects for women’s health, there for the government should keep funding Birth Control as well as places that help women receive contraceptives
Teenage pregnancy is an important and a widespread problem in India revolving to public health studies. Although, in India minimum age of marriage for a female is 18 and male is 22, the law is not been strictly followed by the society. It is now leading to serious social and medical troubles such as maternal and child health problems. Data of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-3 discovered that 16% of women, aged 15-19 years, have already started childbearing. Most of the teenage mother in India has a joint family background. They are not allowed to take any decisions according to their desires. Their life is been shaped by family me...
The chosen health improvement initiative that is going to be studied within this community profile is reducing the amount of teenage pregna...
Yao, J., Murray, A.T. and Agadjanian, V., 2013. A geographical perspective on access to sexual and reproductive health care for women in rural Africa. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 96, 60
That is 545 deaths per every 100,000 successful deliveries. Also, a woman’s chance of dying from “pregnancy and childbirth in Nigeria is 1 in 13” (Abara 2012) Nearly 50% of Nigerian women are mothers before they turn 20. There in inability to access quality 6 health care services, poor access to safe childbirth services and lack of adequate and affordable emergency care. In some parts of the country, religion does not allow women to deliver in the hospital. Also, the husbands are not to be happy to see their wives opening up to a doctor for any from of virginal exanimations. So from a young age, the girl child is taught how to deliver her baby unassisted. This leads to infections and death. Also, gender inequality is imbedded in Nigerian society and culture. Although women do have rights to land, the patriarchal society dictates that their rights are weaker than a man 's. This shows the unequal distribution of power between man and women. Women have a very high fertility rate of six children per woman, due to the pressure on her to give birth to boys who can inherit and own land. As said by Newbury, “If a woman has a girl first, she is more likely to have more children, not use contraceptives, have short periods between pregnancies, and be subjected to polygamy” (Newbury 2004). Each of these factors increases a woman 's vulnerability to
...he second way to attempt to decrease the population is through increased active family planning programs. Especially in poor countries, it is a lot harder for women just to jump into the work force, and even harder for a poor country to become industrialized. For example, in Bangladesh, one of the world's poorest countries, birth rates have decreased from seven children per family to only 5.5. This is largely because forty percent of Bangladesh's woman now take part in some form of family planning.
Female foeticide has become a disgraceful and shocking reality of this nation. For centuries, families across many parts of India have look upon the male child as the superlative of the two sexes. A male child is seen as a blessing in the Indian society and since years people have made lavish offerings and numerous prayers in hopes for getting a son. These beliefs continue to remain even though times have changed and now much of the inequality is reducing. The Indian society recognizes a insightful faith in every individual’s right to life and dignity but this rights are dishonored when it comes to women and children in this society. A difference in a society’s ideal values and its reality is defined as a social