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The work of Gregor Mendel
The work of Gregor Mendel
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When trying to understand genetics Mendel 's laws are a very big part of it. Mendel 's two laws help us understand and analyze genetic crossings. In our experiment we used drosophila melanogaster flies, a common fruit fly. This was perfect to understand and visualize how the laws take effect. Mendel stated that during the process of genetic crossing; two alleles are formed which then separated to form gametes, which would appear in fertilization. In our experiment we accomplish a cross that determined different eye and body colors. By using the Chi-Square test, we were able to test our results. Our groups hypothesis stated the number of flies from the F2 generation would accommodate Mendelian Genetic Ratio of 9:3:3:1. Our Chi-Square test results …show more content…
Introduction In the 19th century Gregor Mendel accomplished pioneered the first laws of genetics after crossing peas. He conducted an experiment with pea plants. He would use a paintbrush to transfer the genetic coding from one pea plant to another, so he could know exactly who the parents were. With the end of this experiment Mendel came up with two laws; Mendel 's law of segregation, and Mendel 's law of independent assortment. Mendel crossed over purple pea flowers with white pea flowers, which gave him purple pea flowers for the first generation also called F1. Since the offspring were all purple flowers Mendel understood that the purple gene was the dominant gene. Mendel decided to cross the F1 generation with themselves. Which resulted in three purple pea flowers and one white pea flower. By using basic Punnett square, and identify the genotype as PP and the phenotype as pp. This gave Mendel the following ratio of 3:1, three purple pea flowers and one …show more content…
We then allowed the larvae to hatch, and counted and recorded the total number of flies, the phenotype, and the sex. After taking down all this information this would allow us to perform a F1 cross, we made sure to examine the flies carefully since we needed virgin flies. We prepared a new vial with the a 1:1 ratio of medium and water. After recording the data of the F1 generation, and picking out the virgin flies for the crossing, and we killed of the rest of the flies using the oil method. After some time passed the F1 generation had larva in the vial. Once we noticed the larva we had to put the flies to sleep and collect the data. We then had to prepare another two new vials and medium and water. Carefully observing the flies and picking out three males and three female virgin flies to place into the new vial. Than killing of the other flies. After about a week we had the F2 generation. This was the most important generation, it was what we were looking for to allow us to observe and compare our experiment to Mendel’s experiment. We were looking for a 9:3:3:1 ratio with our flies. Using a basic Punnett square table and the crossing that we had accomplished our results should have looked like the following Punnett square. The capital B stated the dominate allele which is brown bodies, and the lower case b states black does which is the recessive allele. The capital E stands for red eyes,
Test 4: All three phenotypic frequencies saw a reduction in their number as the homozygote fishes saw a reduction in their number and were not able to pass on their alleles to create either their colored fish or a heterozygote. Both yellow and blue allele frequencies decreased by the same
Examining the Crosses Between Drosophila Fruit Flies Introduction The major topic of this experiment was to examine two different crosses between Drosophila fruit flies and to determine how many flies of each phenotype were produced. Phenotype refers to an individual’s appearance, where as genotype refers to an individual’s genes. The basic law of genetics that was examined in this lab was formulated by a man often times called the “father of genetics,” Gregor Mendel. He determined that individuals have two alternate forms of a gene, referred to as two alleles.
Gregor Mendel was born into a German family, as a young man Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping. In his later life Mendel gained his fame as the founder of the modern science of genetics. The research that was his claim to fame was his pea plant experiment. Mendel looked at seven different characteristics of the pea plants. For example with seed colors when he bred a yellow pea and green pea together their offspring plant was always yellow. Though, in the next generation of plants, the green peas reemerged at a 1:3 ratio. To explain what he had discovered, Mendel put together the terms “recessive” and “dominant” in reference to specific traits. Such as, in the previous example the green peas were recessive and the yellow peas
Knows as the “Father of Genetics” Mendel is said to have started the conversation leading DNA’s discovery. In 1866, Mendel concluded that genes are formed in pairs and are passed down from parents as distinct units. His experiment consisted of a control plant and he tracked the segregation of those genes in the appearance of them in the offspring. He labeled them as dominant and recessive traits. Through his discovery, Mendel established the rules that future generations of scientists would use in their research. These rules known as “Mendel’s Laws of Heredity” and include three rules. These include The Law of Segregation (a gene pair defines each inherited trait.), The Law of Independent Assortment (Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another), and The Law of Dominance (An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant.). Innovative and time-consuming, Mendel’s work went extremely underappreciated and was not put to use until after
[7] Klug, W., Cummings, M., Spencer, C., Palladino M. (2012) Concepts of Genetics: Tenth Edition. Pearson's Education, Inc.
Drosophila is a small fruit fly, it is about 3mm long. This insect is a model organism most commonly used in developmental biology and genetics. The Drosophila fruit flies are especially suited in experiments because of their short life cycle which consist of two weeks; they easily reproduce many offspring, and are also cheap1. The drosophila contains four chromosomes that can easily be experimented on, which allows in-depth observation. In this experiment, Drosophila melanogaster were used to identify the properties of Mendelian inheritance. The Law of Segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly unite during fertilization and is carried by every individual. The Law of Independent Assortment states that each parent randomly passes on alleles to their offspring. Although, the Law of Independent assortment does not take in account the patters of sex-linked inheritance.
In the 19th century, Mendel’s relatively new science of inheritance and hereditary has increasingly developed into what we commonly understand today as genetics. Peter J. Bowler describes this field as becoming “a very active area of scientific research”.
Daly and Wilson also refer to the research done by a British geneticist named A.J. Bateman to strengthen their arguments for the idea of status competition. Bateman's research focused on lab experiments done on Drosophila or fruit flies. The experiments consisted of taking fruit flies with "distinct genetic markers" and placing them in jars. It was made sure that each jar contained an equal number o...
Mendel’s law of segregation states that offspring receive only one of two alleles of a gene from the parent (Brooker et al. 2014). This means that utilizing a monohybrid cross where each parent has both a dominant allele of a gene and a recessive allele, that by producing offspring of these plants, a predictable outcome of trait inheritance should be observed (Brooker et al. 2014). This experiment investigated the inheritance of anthocyanin in Brassica rapa.
middle of paper ... ... avour of "purity of the race" idea, but they understand how it worked. Blond hair and blue eyes are recessive genes. Two brown-eyed people can give birth to a blue-eyed child, but two blue-eyed people cannot give birth to a brown-eyed child. Dark skin and dark hair are also dominant genes, so because of evolution, it must mean that the ancestors of humanity had dominant genes.
Conclusion for class di-hybrid cross: The p value 0.779 is in the non-significant range in the chi square table. The null hypothesis is therefore correct. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings in the flies is a mutation in the genes that is not linked meaning it is a product of independent assortment.
In the 1860's, it was known that progeny tended to resemble it parents; but how or why this occurred was a mystery. An Augustinian Monk by the name of Gregor Mendel was studying the passage of traits in pea plants. His pure bred lines and careful observation were the footing upon which modern genetic theory was based. Little did he know that his garden of peas would eventually open the door to billions of dollars of research and years of legal and ethical debates (Griffiths et. al., 1996).
The fruit fly experiment is used as a way to introduce the study of genetics to students. It was first used by Thomas Morgan Hunt in 1910. The significance for using fruit flies, also known as Drosophila Melanogaster is because they’re great to work with in research scenery. They’re relatively easy to care for, especially when comparing to larger organisms like rats, or rabbits. They mate readily, take approximately two weeks to develop, and only carry four pair of chromosomes (Shanholtzer, 2012).
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who revolutionized our understanding and perception of genetics. Mendel’s experiments in his monastery garden provided future geneticists with the basic principles of hereditary through the experimentation in both hybrid and pure bred pea plants, which he found to follow specific patterns in their offspring. The choice to use peas was because of their distinct varieties and their ability to produce offspring quickly and the ability to easily regulate fertilization simply with the use of a paintbrush. When conducting these experiments before Mendel Pea Plant Experimentation, it was commonly accepted that a child’s genetic traits were simply half from the mother and half from the father. This evidence was supported by experiments that were generally conducted over a short period of time, resulting in skewed and unreliable data, whereas Mendel’s experiments were conducted over an eight year period involving tens of thousands of plants.
These days’ scientists know how we inherit characteristics from our parents; they are able to calculate the probability of inheriting certain traits or genetically passed diseases based on a family medical record. Did you ever ask yourself how did scientists come up to such powerful capabilities? It all started with a monk crossing peas, he realized that there was some kind of pattern to how the peas reproduced. This monk is now known as Gregor Mendel father of genetics. Mendel set a two years trail experiment to see if the peas reproduce with some pattern or he had just observed random change in peas. Mendel then came up with his hypothesis that traits are passed on with a 3:1 ratio after observing this in his trail experiment. Mendel set up an 8 years experiment where he would crossbreed all sorts of peas. After collecting the data from his experiment and mathematically analysing the data he concluded that the inheritance pattern was as he hypothesized a 3:1 ratio. Mendel was rarely quoted for about 34 years. In the late 19th century two botanists/biologists had rediscovered Mendel work, they’ve confirmed a 3:1 ratio. Following the rediscovery, the original paper “EXPERIMENT ON PLANT HYBRIDIZATION” made its way towards the world of genetics. The reason why Mendel was ignored is not known till this day. Some sources suggest that the paper was overlooked since it was a controversy to Darwinism. The main supporter of this theory is R. A. Fisher. In his critique Fisher asks “what was Mendel trying to discover? What did he discover? What did he think he discovered? “Is Mendel’s data accurate? In this essay I will focus on answering Fishers main questions as to how accurate is the data, did Mendel discover anything new, and I will sci...