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information technology and its effect in patient care.
us health care history and foundation essay
essays on the history of healthcare
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Medical Care
The United States has moved from an agricultural country, to an industrialized country and from predominately an industrialized country to more of an information and services country. Health care has changed in the way it has operated just as the country has changed. When the United States was an agricultural country, health care was operated by doctors that worked independently providing health care to patients within a set communities or counties. This health care was a fee for service system. However, that fee could often be made on a barter type system. In that system patients would trade goods for services. As the country transitioned to an industrial society, health care had transitioned as well. Health care providers set up group offices that allowed the health care providers to support each other, when necessary, in providing care to their clients. Health care has primarily focused on providing health care for the patients on a "Fee-for-Service" type payment system. Now that the country has entered in the information and services markets, health care has developed a method to transitions into the information and services markets as well. Today, health care providers have added an additional option to their clients. This option is known as Managed Care. Both of these health care payment types are available today, but managed care is starting to lead the way in the health care industry.
Fee for service is defined as a patient sees a medical provider for medical service and the medical provider will bill the health plan of the patient or the patient will pay the medical provider for services and has an option to be reimbursed by the health plan, if applicable. (Arnett & Trapneil, 1984) This was the do...
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Freeland, Michael S. and Schendler, Charles E., "National Health
Expenditure Growth in the 1980's: An Aging Population, New Technologies, and Increasing competition," Health care Financing Review, 1983.
Kongstvedt, Peter R., M.D. and Young, Ernst LLP, "The Managed
Health Care Handbook," Third Edition, Aspen Publication Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1996.
Rober, William L., M.D., "Does Managed Care Provide Higher
Quality Care Than Fee-For-Service Medicine?" http://www.wnet,org/archive/mch/Viewpoints/procon3.html.
The Commonwealth Fund, "A Survey of Patients in managed Care and
Fee-for-Service Settings - Three-City Survey Finds Working Americans Dissatisfied." http://www.cmwf.org/health_care/mgdcrhtl.html.
United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS),
"Medicare Care Contract Report," Rockville, Maryland, DHHS, 1995.
Twenty-first century health care system in United States is not only complex, but also profoundly different from "what it used to be." The changes are numerous and represent the major shifts involved in moving from protection and delivery plan, based primarily on what the patient wanted, to a skeptically managed healthcare system. The American health care system has seen drastic changes within couple generations and it continues to evolve.
Political parties in the China and the United States are exceptionally different. In a way that each country's political party system has their own way of controlling their government. At the end each country's main objective is to make sure their country would succeed. In China they have a Communist form of government and in the United States, we have a Democratic and Republican parties. Also events that happen in or out of China or the United States affects policy making.
There are many options for substance addiction treatment and utilizing medication as a means of eliminating substance use is one that has been called a double edge sword. There are two schools of thought with medically assisted treatment. First, let 's define medication assisted treatment (MAT): “it is the use of pharmacological medications, in combination with counseling and behavioral therapies, to provide a “whole patient” approach to the treatment of substance use disorders. Research indicates that a combination of medication and behavioral therapies can successfully treat substance use disorders, and for some people struggling with addiction, MAT can help sustain recovery” (Watkins, 2016). One side of this treatment option is that it provides that extra little nudge to start recovery with less or more withdrawal symptoms. For example, disulfiram is an alcohol aversion agent, that when taken with alcohol the person becomes very ill (Watkins, 2016). There are also other medications that help with reducing symptoms of withdrawal, such as methadone.
Disruptive politics for China were presenting themselves since the death of the CCPs former leader Mao Zedong in 1976. There was two years of great uncertainty until Deng Xiaoping's take of government was developed in 1978; he had also focused on gr...
...ences of Chinese political development, “I may not believe that China’s democratic model is completely mature or successful. But at least, I can claim that Chinese way of democracy is extremely distinctive from the Western liberal democracy. Different contexts and cultures from Eastern and Western countries decide the differences in democracy. Therefore, it is hard to explain the Chinese way of democracy through the existing Western democratic theories” (qtd in Yu). The Chinese democratic form basically fits into the process of modernization in Chinese society. It helps Chinese people to maintain social stability, protect citizens’ basic human rights, and promote China’s belief in good governance. To China, democracy could be an opportunity to not only bring good fortune to the Chinese people, but also contribute greatly to the advancement of democratic theory.
There are three issues when it comes to the health care cost rising. The first is the rising cost in prescription drugs. The second area of rising cost is the increased technologies when it comes to the medical industry. The third problem is the aging population. Prescription drugs are the area of the fastest growing health care expense, and it is projected to grow at 20 to 30 percent each year over the next several years. There are many newer, more expensive drugs on the market, and the use of these prescriptions is exploding. In addition, with so much television advertising, many consumers ask their doctors for expensive, brand name drugs when there may actually be a generic drug that works just as well.
...ainst western invasion. This return to culture is in one way or other the reclamation of affinity to nature.
The United States health care system is one of the most expensive systems in the world yet it is known as being unorganized and chaotic in comparison to other countries (Barton, 2010). This factor is attributed to numerous characteristics that define what the U.S. system is comprised of. Two of the major indications are imperfect market conditions and the demand for new technology (Barton, 2010). The health care system has been described as a free market in
The three concepts, the sign, signifier and signified are profound concepts according to Hall. A sign is a basic concept of meaning, its anything that asserts meaning and it could be an object or abstract. We are free to perceive and interpret signs that represent what we are accustomed to so meaning can be conveyed. (Hall; 1997;5) “Signs stand for or represent our concepts, ideas and feelings…” Here we begin to understand how Hall stresses on the significance of signs as a form of communication. People who share culture or carry the same conceptual maps are likely to fall into the same discourses and can both use certain signs to evaluate the world’s problems similarly as opposed to an individual who would interpret the sign differently because of a different background. As time progresses, people become more socially, politically and historically aware and interpretation of certain signs may progress into another
Zhao, S., (2003), ‘Political Liberalization without Democratization: Pan Wei’s proposal for political reform’ Journal of Contemporary China, 12(35): 333–355.
“The strongest physical force bends before moral force when used in the defense of truth.” - Mahatma Gandhi (Bondurant). Mahatma Gandhi was the main leader in helping India become independent through the principles of non violence, self-rule, and the unity of Hindus and Muslims. His full name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, but he was given the name Mahatma later on in his life. He wanted to see an united India without the rule of the British Empire. He accomplished this with passive resistance or resistance by non violence because he wanted to show that violence is not always the best answer.
Swiss linguist, Saussure argued that “language does not reflect a pre-existent and external reality of independent objects” but that meaning is produced because “signs are different from one another” (Barker, 76). By dividing a sign into separate elements, the signifier (the word) and the signified (the object), it allows a distinction between the word assigned to an object and the meaning of the object, showing how the grouping of the two is arbitrary. Although, it should be noted that language is not the only signifying system, but images, gestures, social behavior, clothes, they all are encrusted with meaning and the elements of symbolic order and understanding. For example, raising your index and middle finger in a “v” shape simply denotes the action, but the connotations associated with it are copious: symbolizing peace for some but for others is seen as an offensive gesture. Like language, it depends on the context.
There exists a compelling relationship between an individual’s interpersonal and intrapersonal perception and their capacity to succeed within the workplace and university. In determining the success and functionality the exercise of such perceptions will evidentially lead to a greater and more effective action and communication that is suitable to the situation at hand.
Success is something individuals aim for through all stages of life. Succeeding at university may entail passing courses, achieving learning goals and consequently graduating, while gaining some experience and exposure. At work, success could take a different form of gaining a job, accomplishing goals, and seeking promotions. While the definition of success may differ for university students and employees at an organisation, the basic principles and skills required are very similar. Individuals require both intrapersonal and interpersonal perception in order to achieve success, whether at university or work. Skills such as self-regulation, self-monitoring, implementing goals and strategies to achieve those goals, as well as harnessing good communication skills and formal relationships are key factors to success. It is with these perceptions that individuals can gain skills that can help overcome barriers to succeed.
According to Gordon, he defined that sign is “Anything that tells us about something other than itself” (Gordon, 1996:14) A sign is a representation of an object or implied deep meaning behind the object. Saussure developed the principle of semiotics as he applied to language, he also elaborates the relationship of a sign with the following formula: “signifier + signified=sign”