CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. Historical Background Of Biomedical Engineering
The application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology is can be refer to as biomedical engineering also known as bioengineering. This combines the design and analysis of problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences with the aim of improving the quality and effectiveness of patient healthcare diagnosis, monitoring and therapy. Bioengineering applies engineering principles to the study of medical and biological problems. The goal of biomedical engineering is to use electrical, chemical and mechanical engineering principles to conduct studies and develop tools that can aid in the biomedical care of patients.
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It integrates physical, chemical or mathematical sciences and engineering principles for the study of biology, medicine, behavior or health. It advances fundamental concepts, creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ systems levels and develops innovative biologics, materials, implants, devices and informatics approaches for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, for patient rehabilitation and for improving health. Prominent biomedical engineering application include biocompatible prostheses, various diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices ranging from clinical equipment to micro-implants, common imaging equipment such as MRIs and EEGs, biotechnologies such as regenerative tissue growth, pharmaceutical drugs and biopharmaceuticals.
Biomedical engineering can trace its history to as far back as a hundred years ago when the first X-ray machines and electrocardiographs dramatically illustrated how technology could be used for the diagnosis of disease. Today the field of biomedical engineering is in full power, propelled by the momentum of the post-World war II technology boom and the latest molecular, genetic, and computational developments. Having gone beyond its roots in imaging and instrumentation, biomedical engineering now encompasses at least 13 specialties according to the 2000 edition of The Biomedical Engineering
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In 1891, J. Stoney suggested the name electron to the smallest particle of electricity.
The word electron was derived from the Greek word meaning ‘’amber’’. We can regard the electron as atom or particle of electricity and therefore electronic is defined as the study, control and application of flow of electrons in a vacuum.
Electronics can be divided into two branches: analogue and digital. Analogue electrics has developed through the ages of valves in the early 1900s, through transistors to integrated circuits in the 1960s. Analogue electronics deal with the processing of continuously varying signals. In analogue electronics, the amplitude of electrical signal, at any time is proportional to the magnitude of the information being processed. Digital signal consist of a pattern of pulses, usually of the same amplitude. Digital circuits make use of distinct voltage levels, a high level and a low level, to convey information and to control functions within the
It helps medics to find a direct genetic cause of the patient’s condition and target it with pharmaceutical or other therapies. The technology is used for the identification of DNA sequences that increase risks of current diseases and disorders; with this information carriers can start to make efforts to prevent them before the development of the problem. The video mentioned 200 actionable genes, structures that have direct links with a specific condition. Knowing about their presence, people have a chance to bring in preventive measures like taking anticoagulants in the case of identification of a thrombogenic gene. The technology led to the significant improvement of diagnostics and personalized treatments. It helped to find a rare, life-threatening mutation in case of Beery twins and assign a drug to a girl (Alexis) that returned her to a normal life. In the case of cancer genome sequencing led to the development of genetic drags, which target essential tumor genes and make malign structures to shrink. The video mentioned a product that works with the BRАF protein that induces cells to uncontrolled division; the drug led to the remission in the patient with metastasizing melanoma. Such treatment was effective in the case of cystic fibrosis. In the case of the breast cancer the technology helps to evaluate the aggressiveness of the condition and make a personalized decision about chemotherapy. The video also mentioned the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis – an early-staged technology that prevents the development of inherited disorders in
The term biomedicine is used to describe scientific medicine which is prominent in Western societies. To get a better grasp of this concept, Baronov (2008) presented the following interrelated views which account for biomedicine’s ongoing development. Fi...
Engel, G. L. (1977). A Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine. Science , 196, 129-136.
Engineers are developing new systems to use genetic information, sense small changes in the body, assess new drugs, and deliver vaccines.
The Biomedical Model constitutes the absence of disease, pain and defect of the body (Fanany, 2012). (Baum, 2012) describes the Biomedical Model in reference to the human body “like clockwork”. He believes that the body is like a machine. Every individual part that fits together must be able to function interpedently for the rest of the body to work – just like a clock.
Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–136.
Electronic devices were developed around the end of the 19th century when people began to use magnetic audio tape to record sounds. Once sounds could be recorded, they could be manipulated. As musicians across the world began to experiment
There are different types of engineers in the world. There are the engineers that analyze the mechanics of a system that make it function, engineers that apply electricity to improve our daily lives, and then there are engineers who develop solutions to solve human health problems. The term bioengineering contains both the words biology and engineering, meaning that engineering concepts are applied to improve the lives of humans. Bioengineering is the future to improved health and living styles for human beings. I am fond to bioengineering because it improves the living of people who are in a body that cannot satisfy their daily needs of simply walking or moving at ease. I have a friend that is incapable to walk; therefore he will be sitting down in a wheelchair for the rest of his life unless bioengineering will help him finally get up to his feet for the first time of his life. It...
Another area of medical advancement is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering will detect and possibly stop diseases before birth. Many diseases are associated with specific genes that can be checked for disease and replaced if dysfunctional. Genetic testing has already revealed genetic mutations that cause hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, colon cancer, polycystic kidney disease, Alzheimers disease, and others. (5) Replacing missing, altered, inactive, or dysfunctional genes will prevent diseases or even death. Also, progression of a disease can be monitored, and
It address the questions that are at the center of the medical field, such as what it means to be human, the role of technology in health care, and the boundaries of treatments involving advances in technology. Although human enhancement appears to have several positive affects, the negative affects are also great in number. Neither can be overlooked since this technology has the power to not only improve humanity, but also bring it to an all time low. By considering the factors that play into the outcomes of biotechnology, it is possible to answer the pressing questions at hand and to determine the circumstances in which biotechnology could result in beneficial
Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use to benefit the lives of humans or other organisms, in bettering their lives. (Essays, UK. (November 2013). Can Genetic Engineering Be Regarded As Biotechnology Biology?. April 2014, http://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/can-genetic-engineering-be-regarded-as-biotechnology-biology-essay.php?cref=1)
Biogenetic engineering is the ability to change or modify a genome of an organism through the use of biotechnology. We use this in order to add a new gene to an organism that it would originally would not contain. This creates a better suited organism to adapt to any form of change it may have to deal with. Biogenetic engineering works by physically entering the organism’s genome and removing it and inserting the genome into another organism this allows the organism that had received the new trait to express the new code. The steps for genetic engineering is by first finding an organism that contains a trait that is desired, then scientist will extract the DNA, then once the gene has been extracted it goes through gene cloning, this is the process in which the gene is located and copied from the different of genes that had been extracted, and sometimes the desired gene will be modified so that it will be able to perform desirelly within the organism, the transgene, which is the new gene, will be inserted into the organism, once inserted scientist will allow for breeding in order to perfect the desired gene. Biogenetic engineering allows for the manual transport of genes from one organism to the next. The genes that we use for bioengineering are beneficial since we are able to perfect this genes for an unlimited amount of usage. Bioengineering also allows a single or a few desirable genes to be inserted into an organism rather than breeding which has at times undesirable traits that might not be as beneficial to the organism as the gene that is being inserted manually in bioengineering.
Thomas, Lewis. “The Technology of Medicine”. The McGraw Hill Reader. 8th ed. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller. New York: McGraw Hill, 2003. 581-585.
Becoming a biomedical engineering is difficult and requires some work, but it is not impossible. A person can actually begin working after pursuing his/her bachelor’s degree in either biomedical engineering or in a different engineering field. Although a bachelor’s degree in engineering will require either a graduate degree in BME or on-the-job training. There are many institutions that offer such training and are also top schools for BME in the midwest such as: Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, Southern Illinois University, University of Illinois in Chicago, and U of I in Urbana-Champaign. There are special requirements/qualities that will increase the chance of being hired as a BME. Having integrity, innovation, persistence, and dependability are really important qualities that one should have. A BME is depended on to be able to create projects or designs in a given amount of time. Biomed engineers often work together and in groups which require cooperation, attention to details, adaptivity/flexibility, and analytical thinking. Putting together ideas and being able to listen to others as well as combining ideas is what will bring success as well as create designs for prosthetics. A...
First, I’ll attempt to explain which methods and procedures will be the future of modern medicine. The procedures that will be the future of modern medicine currently fall into the realms of taboo and fictional. These procedures encompass every aspect of medical science from exploration of the human body, curing of diseases, to improving a person’s quality of life. Many of these procedures are not very well known while a few have been in the spotlight. These procedures are; cloning, nano-robotics, retro-viruses, and genetic manipulation via gene-specific medications. For any serious breakthroughs in modern medical science we must embrace these new forms of treatment instead of shying away from them.