Introduction
Media reports on corruption are frequent, some are reported in print form, others are conveyed via news anchor reports, and still others are described through online blitzes. Whatever the form, corruption has become a common topic of news reports. Being such a common topic, it would be logical to presume that corruption has a global definition that crosses not only cultural lines, but also the boundaries of societies’ sectors. Although Calhoun (2011) defines corruption as actions taken by people in order to evade the established rules of a company or system or even to escape societal norms for personal gain, there exist varying levels and forms of corruption. These variations cause discrepancies not only in dealing with corruption, but also defining corruption. Often these acts of dishonesty are defined and adjudicated based on experiences and perceptions of those that are appointed to attend to matters of corruption. Although these disparities exists, Calhoun (2011) shares excessive payment and actions that go against the universal moral code are two traits that are common among the definitions of corruption across the various disciplines. There have been efforts to curve corruption even at the international level beginning with the United States enactment of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) in 1977 and many other nations and international organizations following suite to diminish global and local acts of corruption (Calhoun, 2011).
Perceptions and Causes of Corruption
The problem of corruption is an issue that has been reported in government, business, education, and even religion, the major sectors or areas of every society. This perversion works in direct opposition to the goal of a society’s mission to...
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Barber calls the reader 's attention to the low salary of teachers and how their wages need to rise. Although many people know about the salary issue for teachers, they often overlook
When dealing with corruption, first question to ask or to clarify is what corruption is. NSW Research (2002) describes corruption anything from gaining materialistically by virtue of position (for eg. getting a special discount at stores) to engaging in ‘direct criminal activities’ (eg. selling drugs). Newburn (1999) believes that there is a thin line between the definition of ‘corrupt’ and ‘non-corrupt’ activities as at the end, it is an ethical problem. For common people, however, bribery generalises corruption.
Corruption is an individual and institutional process where there is a gain by a public official from a briber and in return receives a service. Between the gain and the service, there is an improper connection, (Thompson p.28). The two major categories of bribery is individual and institutional corruption. Receiving personal goods for the pursuit of one’s own benefit is personal fraud. An example of individual distortion is the financial scandal involving David Durenberger. Organizational corruption involves “receiving goods that are useable primarily in the political process and are necessary for doing a job or are essential by-products of doing it,” (Thompson p.30). An instance of institutional fraud is the Keating Five case. There are also times where there is a mixture of both individual and organizational corruption in a scandal. An example of this diverse combination is James C. Wright Jr. actions while he was the Speaker of the House.
The development of a country depends generally on the work and values of its society. The image of a country can be severely damaged by certain actions and behavior of their citizens, like bribery. When a country is known as a corrupt nation, not only will the facade of the country be affected, but also the economy. Establishing measures to eradicate corruption are urgently necessary. Corruption has been around since the begging of time, but currently is more common in business, more specifically, international business. Although some organizations have been formed, and conventions have been signed in order to end it, corruption is still one of the mayor problems around the world. An ethical view might bring more insight to why bribery and corruption is not a moral act and why more severe measures should be taken into consideration.
If the server does an excellent job in tending to customers by catering to their every need, the customer will leave a higher tip, as opposed to a server who completes the bare minimum. Poor servers will receive a lower tip. The tip represents the server’s skill and ability. Merit pay for teachers follows the same idea. A teacher who caters to every student’s need and completes exemplary work will receive a bonus similar to a server’s tips. The better the job a teacher does, the better bonus he or she will receive. On the other hand, if a teacher completes the bare minimum, mediocre work, he or she will receive a lower bonus or none at all. Susan Moore Johnson explains that school districts should give small incentives, comparable to tips, as small bonuses to teachers. Gary Ritter, a professor of Education Reform and Public Policy, proposes an idealistic way of rewarding these bonuses. School districts will reward core subject teachers up to $10,000 in bonuses per year, noncore subject teachers up to $6,000, and other staff, including teacher associates, up to $1,000 (Ritter). Teachers who transfer to hard-to-staff schools, teach subjects in which there are shortages, such as math, science, special education, and bilingual educaiton, and work longer days should be rewarded with these
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The state’s new evaluation system was in response to administrators who produced, “superficial and capricious teacher evaluation systems that often don't even directly address the quality of instruction, much less measure students' learning” (Toch, 2008). Too often, the “good-ol-boy” attitude would insure mediocre educators would remain employed. Realizing this was often more the rule then the exception, the governor created educational mandates to focus, “on supporting and training effective teachers to drive student achievement” (Marzano Center, 2013). Initially, they expected the school districts and the teachers would have issues and experience growing pains, but in the end the goal was, “to improve teacher performance, year by year, with a corresponding rise in student achievement” (Marzano Center, 2013).
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In 2012,Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index ranked India 94th out 176 countries. "It is not about petty bribes (bakshish) any more, but scams to the tune of billions of rupees that highlight a political/industry nexus which, if not checked, could have a far reaching impact”(KMPG,2012).Corruption poses a risk to India’s GDP growth and continual level of Corruption will lead to a volatile political and economic environment.Almost half of India’s economy runs in the informal or black market sector, ‘shadow economies’ permeate the lives of every citizen.What seems on the surface as broken,dysfunctional system,operates smoothly with ease for those with money and power.Whereas,for an Average citizen, access is limited and a reminder of a failed democracy.In this essay I will be looking more deeply into the issues of Corruption and how it has impacted the Indian economy.
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