Introduction
«The emphasis (of MBO) is on trying to predict and influence the future rather than on responding and reacting by the seat of the pants. It is also a ‘results-oriented’ philosophy of management, one of which emphasizes accomplishments and results. The focus is generally on change and on improving both individual and organizational effectiveness.»
A successful implementation of MBO in any country requires a narrow examination of such elements as customs and traditions of that country, which give support to the application of MBO.
History
These elemets are higly influenced by the history.
Starting from the early centuries, Russian people got accustomed to live under the central rule when the tsar was the only decision-making body in the country. The communication between the rulers and ruled was flowing only one-way. The landlords, owning the farmers, set quotes to farmers without thinking whether they would be able to achieve them.
Afterwards, when the bolshewiks came to rule instead of the monarchy, the same thing happened. Working for a state enterprise, the employees didn’t have a chance to set objectives for their work they performed. The central planning department set quotes, by which all the organizations had to obey even if those planks were set too high to reach. Workers were responsible for reaching organizational goals no matter for at what costs, but on the other side the means by which they had to reach the organizational goals were predetermined by the central planning department.
So, we can see that the word «central», which «disables» MBO, was quite common and used heavily thrughout the whole history of Russia. Nevertheless, I would say, there were some elements of MBO such as rewarding the employees when they exceeded the quotes set by the central department. Reward was very seldom material. Usually, you would have received a red flag for an excellent work, and your photo would have been printed in the organization’s newspaper. In addition to the rewards, people were working for a common purpose: to reach the communism. And each piece they had produced contributed to this goal. Anyway, this system of rewards worked; it was a good source of motivation although it was resting solely in the willigness of the employees to contribute to the process.
Factors that influence management in Russia
After we had examined the historical factors that influence the application of MBO, let’s come down to determine factors that influence overall management in Russia now.
Historically, Russia has always been a country of perplexing dualities. The reality of Dual Russia, the separation of the official culture from that of the common people, persisted after the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War. The Czarist Russia was at once modernized and backward: St. Petersburg and Moscow stood as the highly developed industrial centers of the country and two of the capitals of Europe, yet the overwhelming majority of the population were subsistent farms who lived on mir; French was the official language and the elites were highly literate, yet 82% of the populati...
The focus of this investigation is the ability of leaders to appeal to human emotion through propaganda. Propaganda became especially prevalent in the United States of America during the Second Red Scare between 1947 and 1954. Propaganda assisted in the infiltration of anti-communist ideals. This examination specifically focuses on the extent to which film propaganda during this time period influenced anti-communist hysteria. The movies produced during the Cold War glorified American democracy and an evaluation is completed discussing the impact of this glorification on society. The analysis emphasizes how these beliefs infiltrated all genres of moviemaking, according to researchers of film propaganda and American politics. Several secondary sources are used to look at film propaganda produced during the era of McCarthyism and the anti-communist hysteria existing exclusively in this time period.
... out of a 1950s woman's film. The melodramatic influences of the film continue to manifest themselves in the newer release, just as Apocalypse Now continues to influence the epic movies of contemporary filmmakers. The unison of operatic spectacle and personal conflict spawned an original genre in the 1970s that remains an effective method of addressing social concerns. As we enter another period of political unrest and social change, it is likely that a new wave of melodramatic films is beginning to form on the horizon; there are certainly parallels between a government that declares war on terrorism and the U.S. army in Vietnam, who "knew everything about military tactics, but nothing about where they were or who the enemy was" (Cowie 143). From Conrad to Coppola, nuclear family to nuclear terrorism; never get off the boat, unless you're willing to go all the way.
...e American Dream. Larry Ceplair and Englund stated in the book The Inquistion in Hollywood, “The destruction of the motion picture Left not only transformed the political atmosphere in Hollywood, but also adversely affected the kind of product which the studios turned out. “ In the early 20th century Hollywood reframed from producing politically controversial films in fear of becoming a target of McCarthy or the HUAC. Anti-communism influences the films produced, films portrayed communism as evil and immoral. The films during the cold war certainly portrayed the political storm between the progressive left and the conservative right. Films such as Ninotchka in 1939, showed anti-communism, guilty of Treason 1949, showed an attack against communism, exploiting the evils of communism was shown in Docudrama. The Red Menace in 1949 showed the immense threat f communism.
According to Dwight D. Eisenhower‘s statement, nuclear warfare caused widespread panic throughout the globe about the possibilities of a nuclear holocaust. He stated, “If men can develop weapons that are so terrifying as to make the thought of global war include almost a sentence for suicide, you would think that man's intelligence and his comprehension... would include also his ability to find a peaceful solution” (“Biography of Dwight Eisenhower” ). The Cold War was nothing more than a rivalry that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union, at the...
The success of the organization depends on how the leaders utilize their management and leadership skills in the organization. Mission, vision and core values of the organization are posted everywhere in the organization to remind every stakeholder about their accountability and responsibility in accordance to the corporate goals. This can’t be effective without successful leadership approach. Effective leader must know how, when and where to communicate the shared vision of the organization to its stakeholders. The goal is to align personal values with the corporate values to reach optimum level of satisfaction towards the work, and the company expectations to its stakeholders. Ineffective leaders are not capable of employing this. They are not capable of employing management by objective or the ability of the managers to align the objective of the all the units and departments of the organization into the organizational goals and values. MBO starts with setting organizational objectives, followed by cascading objectives down to employees-cascading objectives down to employees requires adoption of SMART approach to ensure that goals are attainable and accountable (Mindtools, 2014)
Many early films made were based on religious contexts and have evolved from romanticism to thrillers, telling different stories (Fang, 1997). There have always been different national cultures being expressed in film. This is seen both in a deliberate and an unconscious fashion until the rise of Hitler in 1933 who stressed that the film should be seen as an art form (Briggs & Burke, 2009). Used by Hitler, the United States, and other world leaders during World War II, the film was seen as a force of with considerable impact onto discourse and culture. Realizing film was not only an entertainment apparatus, but also a tool to disseminate propaganda to the masses. During the Cold War with the red scare running rampant across the U.S., many actors, writers, and directors were black listed from working on films if they were suspected of communist leaning and denied
The 1950s was indeed a decade of contradiction. Americans were both optimistic in the post-war economic times and scared in the shadow of the Cold War and the Atomic Age. Hollywood released many films during this period that reflected society’s paranoia and fears. Their paranoia was perpetuated by their fear of invasion and espionage, the fear of radiation and the fear of social change. Many of the films produced used the science fiction genre to dig deeper into these fears without frightening the audiences off from their political message.
Russia’s social society as a whole is very different from that of other countries that surround it. Russia is physically the largest country in the world, and because the people are so widespread the social norms vary from place to place. Also, there are social characteristics that are evident in the cities that are drastically different than those seen in the small villages scattered throughout much of Russia’s rural countryside. The family structure and women’s roles are different in the urban areas than they are in the rural areas. Expectations and responsibilities vary so to study Russian family and gender roles one must find the similarities in rural and urban ways and also find the aspects that make them different. The same concept must also be used in looking at popular recreation in this large country.
In the years leading up to World War I, social unrest among the Russian people was spreading rapidly. There was a huge social gulf between the peasants who were former serfs and the landowners. The peasants regarded anyone who did not work as a parasite. They had always regarded as all land belonging to them. They regarded any land retained by the landowners at the time serfs were freed as stolen and only force could prevent them from taking it back. By the time Russia entered the war, one peasant rebellion had already been suppressed and several socialist revolutionary movements were developing.
It is thought that over 81% of the Russian’s are estimated 150 million people speak the country’s official language, Russian, as their first and only language. Most speakers of the minority language are also bilingual speakers of Russian. There are more than 100 minority languages spoken in Russia. The most popular language, Tartar, is the language by more than 3% of the population. Other languages include Ukrainian, Chuvash, Basher, Mordvin and Chechen. These languages are prominent in key regional areas and make up less than 1% of the Russian population.
One of the main objectives of an organization is to beat its counter part in our possible way. In order for an organization to insure that they must be good at leading, planning, organizing and controlling their resources and materials to accomplish performance objectives. In other words management. There are four main types of management, Classical, Behavioural, Quantitative and now the Modern Approach to Management. The Modern Approach states that there is no one good way of management. A successful organization utilizes all the types of management. A good example of this is the movie Lean on Me, starring Morgan Freeman as Joe Clark, the protagonist of the movie. Joe is a very talented teacher, who takes a lot of pride in his work, but due to certain events (budget cuts), he has to make some very key decisions upon his future at East Side High, New Jersey. After the resignation of Joe Clark, things go back to worse at East Side High, so after 20 years Joe is once again called upon to take the duty of the principal of this once great school. His goal was to accomplish a 75% average on the state's basic skills test. This goal might be easy at any school, but then again East Side High was not just another school. The previous year the score was 33%. The school was filled with drug dealer, crime, graffiti and other things. Therefore it required a miracle to increase the school's literacy average by approximately 40%.
Boyer, Paul and Stuckey, Sterling. “The Cold War” The American Nation Harcourt Bruce and Company: Austin, 1995
Bad leadership, especially when a top-down approach is used (14) limits the success of KM as employees proceed to follow examples given by authority figures. (100)(2001) explored HS(in full) found that KM was successful when 'instead of a top-down approach of policy making, the management adopted a middle-up-down approach '. However, it was later found that consistent effective management is key to maintain successful KM. (100) found a Lack of clear structure when implementing KM can translate to a lack of confidence from employees in management can lead to failure with employees viewing it as a 'temporary fad
Russia culture is very different from any other culture that I have ever read about. This is a country that is dominated by males. Males actually run the county of Russia. The men are so dominated that every Russian women dream is to be married and have a family with these men. Russia is known for its poor society. In the book Sakharov he mentions how he moved from one place to another. He first was in Moscow’s larger apartments with his family. In this apartment there were six families. With thin the six families they had to share the kitchen and the bathroom. Then he states that he moved into a very old house and in this old house there was a leaking ceiling. With in this house there were still six families that shared everything. (Sakharov 24-25)