Synthesis and characterization of Co-SPIONs. Co-SPIONs were synthesized in the thermostated glass reactor by Massart’s co-precipitation method (Massart, 1981) from the alkaline solutions of Co(II) and Fe(III) metal salts at 70 °C for 5 h. All reagents in synthesis procedure were at least of analytical grade and were used without any further purification, except for NaOH, which was purified by preparation of a saturated solution resulting in the crystallization of other sodium salts. CoCl2, Fe2(SO4)3 and citric acid were purchased from Aldrich Chemicals Inc. Ultrapure water was used throughout all experiments. For preparation of the working solutions 0.12 mol/L CoCl2, 0.06 mol/L Fe2(SO4)3, 5.0 mol/L NaOH and 0.3 mol/L citric acid solutions were prepared and deoxygenated with argon before mixing. The molar ratio of cobalt(II) and iron(III) salts in the reactor was 1:1.2 at their total concentration - 40 mmol. The pH of solutions was maintained at 11.5. The required quantity of 5.0 mol/L NaOH was determined by additional blank experiment. In the subsequent experiment, the estimated amount was added to the reactor, containing all other components, in several seconds under vigorous stirring. The synthesis in the thermostated reactor was conducted under a continuous argon gas bubbling. The crude products were centrifuged at 7500 rpm for 5 min and rinsed several times. The supernatants obtained from the last three centrifugations were combined, neutralized by addition of citric acid solution up to pH 6.0 and used as a stable ferrofluid within the following week. The composition of the synthesized products was investigated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and following nanoparticle dissolution in HCl (1:1) solution by inductively p... ... middle of paper ... ... 7-aminoactinomycin D (BD Biosciences, USA) staining. Magnetic-activated cell sorting. Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) was used to separate magnetically labeled and unlabeled cells after 48 hours of incubation with Co-SPIONs. A single-cell suspension of treated cells was passed through a LS Column, placed in a MidiMACS Separator (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany). Magnetically-unlabeled fraction flew freely through the column. Magnetically labeled fraction was collected by removing LS Column out of magnetic field and eluting attached cells with PBS. Both fractions were examined under the microscope and cell counter for presence of cells. Statistical analysis. Triplicate measurements of each sample were performed in three independent experiments. Statistical differences between the groups were analysed by Student’s t-test. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant.
The thresholds used to calculate each mean were not highly variable between trials. The data recorded over each trial were highly consistent between one another, except for a slight deviation in the measurements recorded on the palm of the hand. During ascending trial three on the palm, the results deviated from the norm in reference two the two prior trails. On trial one and two, 0.05 was the only measurement that was not felt. On trial three, not only was 0.05 not felt, but 0.10 was also not felt, which deviated from the norm set forth in the two prior
This is especially useful to find out exactly which of the month group is significantly different from each other. Data which are not significantly different from each other are written in the same column, while different column means that they have a difference. Thus it is obtained that 2-months and 4-months group are not significantly different from each other. The same is true for 4-months and 6-months group. The significant difference is between 2-months and 6-months group. However, even if the groups are listed in the same column, there are still differences in the of hyperplasia in each group. The post hoc method also analyzes the value of in each group. From the analysis, there is an increase of hyerplasia foci from 2-months until 6-months
The results of this experiment are shown in the compiled student data in Table 1 below.
A random error is caused by any factor which randomly affects the amount of scatter in the data. An increase in sample size allows averages to be calculated which reduces the effects of these random errors. By removing outliers in the data, the effect of random errors can be further minimised. A large amount of scatter in results indicated low precision and a large number of random errors. Some possible random errors in this experiment may have arisen when measuring the 12mL of milk solution for each test tube; some may have had slightly more and others slightly less than 12mL. Another random error could have occurred when adding 4 drops of methylene blue, some drops may have contained more liquid than others, meaning some test tubes may have contained less methylene blue indicator than
Cobalt(II) bromide hydrate (2.170 g, 9.17 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (50 ml) which formed a dark blue solution. Dimethylglyoxime (2.209 g, 19 mmol) was added to the solution turning it dark red-brown. The solution was held under a gentle stream of air for 30 minutes and a green precipitate formed. The solution was cooled in an ice bath then vacuum filtered and washed with cold acetone (twice with 15 ml) to yield the green precipitate (1) (2.85 g, 5.97 mmol, 83.9% yield).
For both the monohybrid cross, and dihybrid cross chi-square tables were used to determine whether the deviation of the experiment was due to chance alone. The chi-square result for the monohybrid cross resulted in 6.53, ending up between .05 (X2= 5.991) and .01 (X2=9.210) with a degree of freedom of n=2 (3-1). This result leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis because there was only a 5% chance that the observations were due to chance alone. As for the dihybrid cross, the chi-square data resulted in 4.73 landing in between .20 (X2=4.642) and .05 (X2=7.815). This resulted in the null hypothesis being accepted since it is higher than .05.
Sodium ferrate(IV) was arranged by the system depicted by Scholder and Bunsen (18). Twenty-four sections of Fe203 and 40 sections of Na20 (K & K Laboratories, Plainview, N.Y.) by weight were personally blended in a porcelain mortar without HO and CO (in a powder box free of CO and HO). The mixture was exchanged to an unmanageable watercraft (sintered corundum) and set in a tubular heater at 150°C through which dry oxygen streamed. In the following 30 minutes the temperature was expanded to 450°C and yielded sodium ferrate(IV) following 60 minutes.
In this lab there were many opportunities that an error could have occurred and skewed the data. One such error could be in the difference in temperature for trials 1 and 2. Although there was a short window between the trials for the Borax solution in an ice bath, but in this time the temperature could have changed a couple of degrees.
All the data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of the mean (SD). The student t test, one-way and two- way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the least significant difference (LSD) tests were used. The p-value of <0.05 was accepted.
This experiment consisted of 32 participants, of which 17 were male and 15 female, with a mean age of 19.8 (SD=0.87). Students selected from a variety of courses at the University of Aberdeen were recruited as participants.
Going into details of the article, I realized that the necessary information needed to evaluate the experimental procedures were not included. However, when conducting an experiment, the independent and dependent variable are to be studied before giving a final conclusion.
If the p-value is greater than .05, then the null hypothesis would be rejected. The null hypothesis was rejected because the p-value was less than 0.05, it was 0.02. The trends in the data that occurred was the averages of the Chicken Liver (Endotherm) had a higher rate of reaction with 7.90 mL/sec, while the Perch Liver (Ectotherm) had a lower rate of reaction with 6.05 mL/sec. Therefore, the endotherm had higher data points, while the ectotherm had lower data points showing that the endotherm rate of reaction is faster. Variance the measure of variability, which is the spread of the data. The variance for Chicken Liver (Endotherm) is 9.11 mL/sec and Perch Liver (Ectotherm) is 2.14 mL/sec. Since variation shows how close the data points compare to the mean, the endotherm has a larger difference between the variance and the mean than the ectotherm, which shows that the endotherm has less precision in the number set. The trends in the standard deviation of the Chicken Liver (Endotherm) is 3.82 mL/sec and the Perch Liver (Ectotherm) is 1.46 mL/sec. A high standard deviation shows that the data is less reliable since the data is widely spread and a low standard deviation shows that the data are more reliable since the data is closer to the mean.
There were many measurement formulas taken under considerations within the investigation in order to study the given topic question. These formulas played a significant role in solving the topic question and the main ones considered were –
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.
The first experiment that DeVoe and House (2012) conducted was to directly test their hypothesis. The procedure of this experiment was to take 53 undergraduate students (32 femal...