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HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL environment
Importance of socialization in shaping human behaviour essay
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According to error management theory (EMT), when judgments are made under uncertainty, and the costs of errors are not symmetrical, humans have adapted to favor making less costly errors (Haselton, Buss, & DeKay, 1998). When judgments are made under conditions of uncertainty, there are two possible types of errors: false positives and false negatives. The costs of making these types of errors are often asymmetrical because decreasing the likelihood of making one type of error increases the likelihood of making the other type of error (Green & Swets, 1966). This principle applies to the mating paradigm for humans. In terms of judgments of sexual interest, a false positive error is committed when an individual falsely concludes that an opposite sex individual is interested in him/her sexually when the opposite sex individual does not actually have sexual interest. This is sexual overperception because in this case, there is an overestimation of sexual interest. A false negative error is committed when an individual falsely concludes that an opposite sex individual is not interested in him/her sexually while the opposite sex individual is actually interested in him/her. This is sexual underperception (Henningsen & Henningsen, 2010). Haselton and Buss (2000) call these cognitive errors adaptive biases and suggest that they still remain present in humans today because they provided benefits in reproduction and survival in the past. In ancestral societies, it was more costly for men to commit a false negative error than a false positive error because committing a false negative error meant possibly missing a mating opportunity (Buss, 1994). In contrast, for ancestral women, it is less costly to commit a false negative error than false p... ... middle of paper ... ...estosterone and physical risk taking in young men. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(1), 57-64. Roney, J. R. (2003). Effects of visual exposure to the opposite sex: Cognitive aspects of mate attraction in human males. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(3), 393-404. Stanovich, K. E. (2004). How to think straight about psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Sugiyama, L. (2005). Physical attractiveness in adaptationist perspective. In Buss D. M. (Ed.) The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 292-342). New York, NY: Wiley. Wang, Y., & Griskevicius, V. (2014). Conspicuous consumption, relationships, and rivals: Women’s luxury products as signals to other women. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(5), 834-854. Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1985). Competitiveness, risk-taking, and violence: The young male syndrome. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 59-73.
Reproduction in Homo sapiens, as in all animals, is a primary driving force and has been elaborated upon since the beginnings of society. Humans must take part in sexual reproduction to produce offspring, thus initiation behaviors can be studied. Commonly, the male makes advances and the female is the selector, or chooses the mate. For humans, this holds true and behavior is modified to maximize competitive receptability. This phenomenon carries across all cultural boundaries and is deeply rooted in the overall behavior patterns in the people of the culture. People try to refine their natural appearance to maximize mating opportunity. The males attempt to enhance features for success in initiation and females compete for receptability completeness.
know beauty in any form”(86). We are so conditioned to see female beauty as what men
Lefkowitz, Monroe M. 1977. Growing Up to be Violent: A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Aggression. New York: Pergamon.
While this article and cartoon highlights the change in beauty standards for women over time, it also shows that beauty standards for men have collectively stayed constant. The woman in the cartoon wants to attract the attention of two tall, buff, shirtless, and muscular men. The image of a sexually appealing man in this cartoon is one that could be found on the cover of a Men’s Health magazine today.
Since the beginning of time (or so it seems) the human male has been known to spend hours contemplating the complexities of the female mind. Prehistoric man would sit on his rock, hands folded against the chin, with the all too familiar look of complete confusion and bewilderment, as he tried to understand what it was exactly that the prehistoric female wanted (or perhaps how to trick her into scampering off with him to his little leaf-filled bed to reproduce). The female, on the other hand, having easily deciphered the mind of the opposite sex, could be found with a similar expression trying to figure out what was so difficult for the male species to comprehend.
Pirruzia, T (2011).Review of the Roots of Youth Violence: Literature Reviews. (n.d.). Chapter 1: Biosocial Theory. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/youthandthelaw/roots/volume5/chapter01_biosocial_theory.aspx
Furthermore, the authors tested and were also able to confirm “the sexual body part cognition bias hypothesis that women’s (ve...
Burkley, M., Burkley, E., Stermer, S.P., Andrade, A., Bell C.A., & Curtis, J. (2014). The ugly duckling effect: Examining fiex versus malleable beliefs about beauty. Social Cognition. ,(32), 466-483.
Strom, J. & Buck, R (1979). Staring and participants’ sex: Physiological and subjective reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 1.
From childhood, there are clear differences between males and females due to sex hormones and the divergence of brain development that starts during foetal development (TBS 347). Boys are far more likely to engage is rough-and-tumble play, including chasing and fighting, which is seen as practising for violent conflict (TBS 344), and this pattern continues into adulthood, with the majority of all violence in human societies being committed by males aged fifteen to thirty years of age (** TBAOON 125). Across all cultures, males are more aggressive and are more disposed to violence, even lethal violence (TBS346), and are much more likely to use violence in order to obtain status (TBS 345). In non-state societies, males who are more dominant tend to have more girlfriends and wives, as well as having more affairs with the wives of other men (TBAOON 624). In addition to utilising violence, it is also males who more often fantasise about violence, consume and enjoy violent entertainment, and, take great pleasure in retribution and revenge. Moreover, men are typically more likely to vote for hawkish politicians and support militaristic policy, not to mention, it is predominantly males who have historically planned and engaged in wars and genocides (TBAOON 827)(PUTS 6). Consequently, it is clear that males, in general, are more prone to aggression and violence, and
The halo effect phenomenon is researched by Nisbett & Wilson (1977) and published in their experimental paper titled The Halo Effect: Evidence for Unconscious Alteration of Judgments and will be the main topic of this paper. The halo effect, also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype is a form of cognitive bias in which we assume that people who are physically attractive are also blessed with other appealing attributes such as kindness and intelligence. Limited information about the halo effect is known, and experiments conducted on the topic are even scarcer. This stereotype is portrayed to us at a young age through most Disney movies where we learn that if something is beautiful it is also good. A prime example is Cinderella and
-Status symbols: Sophisticated customers who value the distinctive, exclusive collection seem to value the corporate-branded version of luxury. –Philip Martiz, chairman of the board
Good physical appearance helps in building up flexible relationships. For example women who take care of their physical appearance manage to have a better relatio...
Feldman, R. (2008). Sexualty and Gender. Understanding Psychology (9 ed., p. 353). New York City: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
When one sees someone that is, in one’s mind, extremely attractive, they want to continue to look at the attractive person, face, body, etc. According to a popular press article, human beings “apparently seek out the more attractive people because our brains give us a pat on the proverbial back when we lock eyes with” someone with a more aesthetically pleasing face (Lucas, 2014). One likes to continue looking at that person, face, body, etc. because one’s brain makes one feel better about viewing that person’s attractive face, body, etc.