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Vaccination Against Smallpox
background of tuberculosis
Vaccination Against Smallpox
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Mass Killers of the 19th Century
At the beginning of the 19th century a population census was performed
and later, in 1837, it became law that all births and deaths were
registered. "Medical officers of health" kept the records and each
local administration employed one. They forwarded their findings to
the government each year. This meant that every time a person died we
would be able to learn key information about their death; cause, age
of victim and gender. This is great for historians because it allows
us to see exactly what was happening at the time, for example, if a
certain disease was a greater killer then another.
Cholera and Influenza were most likely the biggest killers of the 19th
century, with 3 major cholera epidemics (in 1832, 1848 and 1866) and
regular flu epidemics. Cholera affected all ages and was contracted
from contaminated water. Influenza affected all ages, especially the
weak, and spread through the tiny droplets of moisture in the nose
produced from sneezing or coughing.
Tuberculosis was one of the worst diseases, it infected when the
bacteria spread in the moisture produced when coughing, and affected
all ages. TB affected 15% of the population in the 19th century.
Typhoid was another disease that attacked all ages; it was introduced
into people when they came into contact with excreta (urine, faeces,
and sweat) from a human.
Smallpox had been a major killer of all ages but by 1850 it was
gradually being eliminated through vaccination. This shows the work of
an INDIVIDUAL, Edward Jenner who created the smallpox vaccine, because
he was the success story of eradicating smallpox. In 1840 the vaccine
was made free for infants and compulsory in 1853. Measles was
attacking children, some overcame the disease but often it could
develop into a more serious problem, like pneumonia, severe diarrhoea
or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Lung infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia were common; they
attacked peopled weakened by other infections. People became so
vulnerable to these diseases because they were poor, uneducated about
The "Killings" is a short story written by Andre Dubus. Andre Dubus' short stories often portray tragedies, violence, anger and even tenderness. Throughout the story, Matt’s language constantly displays his deep affection for his family. After the death and funeral of his son Frank, his other two children quickly move back to their normal lives which displays that Frank was the only family nearby. His morals become quickly altered through the cold-blooded murder of his son and end with the act of murder.
Smallpox was once a major killer. In the 20th century more than 400 million deaths by smallpox were recorded. In 1967, the World Health Organization reported that 15 million people became infected that one
A serial killer is traditional defined as the separate killings of three or more people by an individual over a certain period of time, usually with breaks between the murders. (Angela Pilson, p. 2, 2011) This definition has been accepted by both the police and academics and therefore provides a useful frame of reference (Kevin Haggerty, p.1, 2009). The paper will seek to provide the readers with an explanation of how serial killers came to be and how they are portrayed in the media.
The year and a day rule - In order for a defendant to be liable for a
In 1918-1919, the worst flu in recorded history occurred, killing an estimated 50 million people worldwide. The U.S. death toll was 675,000 - five times the number of U.S. soldiers killed in World War I. Crazy! This flu was unlike any other, and in infected unlike any other. Not to mention, the progression of this illness was extremely quick. One minute you’re fine and the next you’re suffering from a high-grade fever and lying on your death bed.
Mass Murderers and Serial Killers are nothing new to today’s society. These vicious killers are all violent, brutal monsters and have an abnormal urge to kill. What gives people these urges to kill? What motivates them to keep killing? Do these killers get satisfaction from killing? Is there a difference between mass murderers and serial killers or are they the same. How do they choose their victims and what are some of their characteristics? These questions and many more are reasons why I was eager to write my paper on mass murderers and serial killers. However, the most interesting and sought after questions are the ones that have always been controversial. One example is; what goes on inside the mind of a killer? In this paper I will try to develop a better understanding of these driven killers and their motives.
The United States of America has more serial killers living in and on it's territory, than any other place in the world. Almost eighty-five percent of serial killers are housed in America. While most serial killers are men, women account for eight percent of the eighty-five in our country. Serial killers are very sick, distraught human beings when compared to others; the reasoning behind this tends to lean towards the mental stability and psychological makeup of the serial killer. Now there are plenty of serial killers to be talked about, but The Long Island Killer is a perfect example of a horrible, sick person.
Mass murder is defined by the FBI as the killing of three or more people in a single event or in the same day (Petersen & Farrington, 2007). Mass murderers are complex and can be examined by the many factors that regularly appear among them, such as violence precipitating events, weapon of choice, and mental illnesses. The motivations and methods for committing mass murder are easily broken down into specific groups, and through the examination of these definitions and specific cases there is much to learn about the mind of a mass murderer.
Although tallying just two deaths, Ed Gein is one of America’s most infamous murderers. His notorious killings are remembered as being among the most perverse of any this century. His lunatic atrocities were magnified by the number of victims who fell prey to his sick deeds and who also fueled his numerous habits of cannibalism, necrophilia of women, and his obsession with the female body, especially his mother, Augusta Gein. Although clearly guilty for the acts Gein committed, psychiatrists were confident in their conclusion of his insanity. As is in many cases, Gein’s birth of insanity started in childhood.
...urt, Houghton, Larry S. Krieger, and Linda Black). Typhus, typhoid fever, and cholera were the three main diseases that ended thousands of lives. The major cause for these diseases was the method of ridding waste.
Illness has been a major part of humankind’s lives almost since the beginning of time. Throughout history, illnesses caused fatal epidemics that caused deaths between young and old, and brought fear upon all for the absence of a cure. Having an illness throughout most of history was considered an inevitable death sentence, as the majority of causes of death (Offit). Vaccinations have been experimented in China and Turkey in the 15th century, with methods such as inhaling or rubbing grounded up smallpox scabs against open cuts (Clem). Then in 1700s, the first form of modern vaccination was invented by Edward Jenner with the cowpox virus acting against smallpox, giving immunity against it (Offit).
The death rate from Measles, Chicken Pox and Pertussis was much higher prior to 1930,
The television comes on everyone puts their hand to their mouth in shock. Another mass killing has happened. As a nation we feel this is happening more than it used to, but how much is it really happening? The images of Newtown, Aurora and Virginia Tech are burned into the minds of Americans. Since 2006, there has been more than 200 mass killings in America (Overburg). Newtown, Aurora and Virginia Tech capture the nations attention, but similar bloody scenes happen with alarming frequency and much less scrutiny (Overburg). The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) qualify a mass killing as the death of four people or more. With gun control and mental illness becoming a large topic due to these mass killings USA Today set out to find out who commits these killings, the weapons they use and the forces that motivates them. USA Today examined FBI and local police data and found that mass killings in America happen far more often than the government reports. Also the circumstances surrounding the killings are far more particular than most people think.
Living in a world where more than 10.1 million people are held in penal institutions, many countries have decided to go for a more cruel kind of retribution. Capital punishment, one of the many subjects in which several points of view have been expressed, has always been an issue concerning human rights. Whether a man should punish another by taking away his life or keeping him in jail is basically what most people are concerned about. Being entirely useless, cruel, and sometimes even unjust, Capital punishment should be abolished.
mostly children, and in the first half of the 20th century the epidemics of polio