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Affects of crime easily
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Consider by the age of 14, approximately 25 percent of African American children have experienced a parent (in most cases a father) being imprisoned for some period of time. Mass incarceration is a term that refers to the unique way the United States has locked up a vast population in federal and state prisons, as well as local jails. The U.S currently locks over 2.2 million human beings in cages; many for non-violent offenses. The system of mass incarceration operates through the structures of gendered and racial discrimination which unfairly target black men. African Americans are incarcerated at more than 5 times the rate of whites. But, how did we get here? The mass incarceration is no mistake or policy mishap, but a system evolved from America’s greatest sin; Slavery.
Slaver deprives the enslaved person of legal rights and granted the slave owner to have complete power over black men, women, and children, making them have legal property over them. Millions of slaves in America have been humiliated, beaten, traumatized and
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During the convict leasing, prisoners were contracted under the legal status of laborers and were sold to the highest private bidder. Blacks were arrested and were tackled with court cost and fines and had no means to pay off their debts, so they were sold into forced labor and were understood to be slaves. The 13th amendment has abolish slavery, but it allowed slavery to be appropriate as punishment for a crime. Incarceration grew ten times faster than the general population and prisoners became younger and blacker and the length of their sentences soared. Michelle Alexander argues, “The criminal justice system was strategically employed to force African-Americans back into a system of extreme repression and control, a tactic that would continue to prove successful for generation to
Most black Americans are under the control of the criminal justice today whether in parole or probation or whether in jail or prison. Accomplishments of the civil rights association have been challenged by mass incarceration of the African Americans in fighting drugs in the country. Although the Jim Crow laws are not so common, many African Americans are still arrested for very minor crimes. They remain disfranchised and marginalized and trapped by criminal justice that has named them felons and refuted them their rights to be free of lawful employment and discrimination and also education and other public benefits that other citizens enjoy. There is exists discernment in voting rights, employment, education and housing when it comes to privileges. In the, ‘the new Jim crow’ mass incarceration has been described to serve the same function as the post civil war Jim crow laws and pre civil war slavery. (Michelle 16) This essay would defend Michelle Alexander’s argument that mass incarcerations represent the ‘new Jim crow.’
In the excerpt reading from Locking Up Our Own, the author, James Forman Jr., spoke about the issue our society has faced recently with mass incarceration of African-American males. He also talks about his own past experience with the situation through being a public defender. He had previously worked under Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, and decided that he wanted to defend low-income individuals who were charged with crimes in Washington, D.C. Forman detailed a few specific cases he had working with young, African-American males and retold his reactions to some of the convictions.
Land of the Unfree: Mass Incarceration and Its Unjust Effects on Those Subjected To It and American Taxpayers
The 13th amendment to the Constitution legally ended slavery, however, one could argue that socially and economically it did not. Once African Americans were free, they had nothing and were given very little. Due to the racist attitudes that were rampant in the South, it was nearly impossible to find anything but low paying, unskilled jobs. Because blacks needed work and plantation owners had vacant land they came to a compromise – sharecropping. Sharecropping was an agreement that in exchange for land, a cabin, and tools, at a very high interest rate, the landowner would receive a portion of the harvest. Although this may sound like a good deal, the high interest rates made the debt nearly impossible to repay, thus once again the African Americans were under control of the white race. The contracts also included clauses that were sim...
The ideologies morphed into a different type of racism that is still connected to that from the 18th and 19th centuries, which is set up into the contemporary carceral state and prison-industrial complex in the terms of black criminality, black inferiority, domination of black people, and white supremacy. In Angela Davis’s lectures on liberation, she states the conditions of freedom include: physical or violent resistance, resistance of the mind, and recognition of alienation (Narrative of Frederick Douglass, p. 58, 64). In order to maintain the institution of slavery, “black people were forced to live in conditions not fit for animals,” in which “white slave-owners were determined to mould black people into the image of the subhuman being which they had contrived in order to justify their actions” (50 - 51). The slaves were under the condition of alienation, reducing them to “the status of property; This was how the save was defined: something to be owned” (53). This produces the idea that his existence is subjected down to property, capital, and money. Under the conditions of slavery, they were stripped of their rights, treated repressively, forced into free labor, and treated as an object. The abolishment of slavery, enacted by the 13th amendment, was supposed to rid such treatment, yet the prison-industrial complex still holds onto that legacy; as Davis puts it, it is “reincarnated through new institutions, new practices, and new ideologies” (The Meaning of Freedom, 140). The prison system sustains sediments of slavery as it deals with the ownership over the prisoner, controlling their every move. Prisoners are “not able to participate in the political arena or in civil life,” stripping their right to vote and depriving them of human rights (140). Prisoners are forced into free labor: fighting fires, building materials and supplies for
In the wake of President Obama’s election, the United States seems to be progressing towards a post-racial society. However, the rates of mass incarceration of black males in America deem this to be otherwise. Understanding mass incarceration as a modern racial caste system will reveal the role of the criminal justice system in creating and perpetuating racial hierarchy America. The history of social control in the United States dates back to the first racial caste systems: slavery and the Jim Crow Laws. Although these caste systems were outlawed by the 13th amendment and Civil Rights Act respectively, they are given new life and tailored to the needs of the time.In other words, racial caste in America has not ended but has merely been redesigned in the shape of mass incarceration. Once again, the fact that more than half of the young black men in many large American cities are under the control of the criminal justice system show evidence of a new racial caste system at work. The structure of the criminal justice system brings a disproportionate number of young black males into prisons, relegating them to a permanent second-class status, and ensuring there chances of freedom are slim. Even when minorities are released from prisons, they are discriminated against and most usually end up back in prisons . The role of race in criminal justice system is set up to discriminate, arrest, and imprison a mass number of minority men. From stopping, searching, and arresting, to plea bargaining and sentencing it is apparent that in every phases of the criminal justice system race plays a huge factor. Race and structure of Criminal Justice System, also, inhibit the integration of ex offenders into society and instead of freedom, relea...
In todays society the United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world. This high incarceration rate is due to the growing phenomena known as mass incarceration. This phenomenon has led to massive increase of people being placed in prison and the amount of money being used for these prisons. The book, Race to Incarcerate by Marc Mauer, focuses on mass incarceration as our default social policy because of the weak welfare state in the U.S. In the book Mauer discusses the causes and the problems with this policy.
Social capital theory is grounded in an understanding of both social and family investment is what plays a role in preventing adverse outcomes (Wright, Cullen, and Miller, 2001). The interpersonal nature, the social activity is the element that moves the children along a scale with the time invested by parents, the development of emotional bonds, and the message of expectation and boundaries. Moral beliefs, the time devoted to study, and good grades while adversely affecting the involvement with delinquent activities. Children look for positive interaction and will avoid threats of negativity when surrounded positive social impact.
According to statistics since the early 1970’s there has been a 500% increase in the number of people being incarcerated with an average total of 2.2 million people behind bars. The increase in rate of people being incarcerated has also brought about an increasingly disproportionate racial composition. The jails and prisons have a high rate of African Americans incarcerated with an average of 900,000 out of the 2.2 million incarcerateed being African American. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics 1 in 6 African American males has been incarcerated at some point in time as of the year 2001. In theory if this trend continues it is estimated that about 1 in 3 black males being born can be expected to spend time in prison and some point in his life. One in nine African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 are currently incarcerated. Although the rate of imprisonment for women is considerably lower than males African American women are incarc...
In the United States, the rate of incarceration has increased shockingly over the past few years. In 2008, it was said that one in 100 U.S. adults were behind bars, meaning more than 2.3 million people. Even more surprising than this high rate is the fact that African Americans have been disproportionately incarcerated, especially low-income and lowly educated blacks. This is racialized mass incarceration. There are a few reasons why racialized mass incarceration occurs and how it negatively affects poor black communities.
Many Americans pretend that the days of racism are far behind; however it is clear that institutional racism still exists in this country. One way of viewing this institutional racism is looking at our nation’s prison system and how the incarceration rates are skewed towards African American men. The reasons for the incarceration rate disparity are argued and different between races, but history points out and starts to show the reason of why the disparity began. Families and children of the incarcerated are adversely affected due to the discrimination as well as the discrimination against African American students and their likelihood of going to prison compared to the white student. African American women are also affected by the discrimination in the incarceration rate. Many white Americans don’t see how racism affects incarceration rates, and that African Americans are more likely to face discrimination from the police as well as being falsely arrested.
Alexander (2010) suggests mass incarceration as a system of racialized social control that functions in the same way Jim Crow did. She describes how people that have been incarcer...
African Americans are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of whites, it is projected that one in every three African Americans born are expected to go to prison. The consequences for black men have radiated out to their families. By 2000, more than 1 million black children had a father in jail or prison"(Coates pg.2). Men going to prison at such high rates has left many women to fend for themselves.
The most problematic conclusion about Mass Incarceration, whatever the causes or practices, is that currently America has had the highest national prison rates in the world; furthermore, the rates of minorities (particularly African Americans) are extraordinarily disproportionate to the rates of incarcerated Caucasians. Despite the overall rise in incarceration rates since the 1980s, the crime rates have not been reduced as would be expected. Researchers, activists, and politicians alike are now taking a closer look at Mass Incarceration and how it affects society on a larger scale. The purpose of this paper is to examine the anatomy of Mass Incarceration for a better understanding of its importance as a dominant social issue and its ultimate relation to practice of social work. More specifically the populations affected by mass incarceration and the consequences implacable to social justice. The context of historical perspectives on mass incarceration will be analyzed as well as insight to the current social welfare policies on the
Slavery has been a part of human practices for centuries and dates back to the world’s ancient civilizations. In order for us to recognize modern day slavery we must take a look and understand slavery in the American south before the 1860’s, also known as antebellum slavery. Bouvier’s Law Dictionary defines a slave as, “a man who is by law deprived of his liberty for life, and becomes the property of another” (B.J.R, pg. 479). In the period of antebellum slavery, African Americans were enslaved on small farms, large plantations, in cities and towns, homes, out on fields, industries and transportation. By law, slaves were the perso...