There is an inequality in both mental and physical health when it comes to gender; based on the definition of a person's gender being a social construct rather than their sex/ reproductive organs. By looking at the health of men and women from all over the world it becomes clear that women are disadvantaged when it comes to health. Explanations of these gender differences in health including the effects of stress. This paper also touches on the roles and traits of the genders and their relations to stress and health.
Research on diagnoses, (from asthma to acute tonsillitis to anxiety) allowed for the finding that majority of diagnoses are more common in women. This is based on statistics; self reports hold a potential complication in data.
…show more content…
Parts of your identity more specifically the traits assigned to your gender are related to stress. High levels of stress can lead to complications with physical health and wellbeing.
References:
Cleary P. D., Jette A. M. (1984). The validity of self-reported physician utilization measures. Med. Care 22, 796–803. 10.1097/00005650-198409000-00003
Macintyre S., Ford G., Hunt K. (1999). Do women over-report morbidity? Men’s and women’s responses to structured prompting on a standard question on long standing illness. Soc. Sci. Med. 48, 89–98.
…show more content…
L., Stewart A. L., Kaymaz H., Sobel D. S., Block D. A., Lorig K. R. (2001). Self-reports of health care utilization compared to provider records. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 54, 136–141. 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00261-4
Natalson C. A. (1980). Social roles and health status among women: the significance of employment. Soc. Sci. Med. 14, 463–471. 10.1016/s0271-7123(80)80050-2
Rosenfield S. (1980). Sex differences in depression: do women always have higher rates? J. Health Soc. Behav. 21, 33–42. 10.2307/2136692
Kessler R. C., McRae J. A. (1982). The effects of wives’ employment on the mental health of married men and women. Am. Sociol. Rev. 47, 216–227. 10.2307/2094964
Repetti R. L., Matthews K. A., Waldron I. (1989). Employment and women’s health. Effect of employment on women’s mental and physical health. Am. Psychol. 44, 1394–1401. 10.1037/0003-066x.44.11.1394
Emslie C., Hunt K., Macintyre S. (1999). Gender differences in minor morbidity among full time employees of a British university. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 53, 465–475. 10.1136/jech.53.8.465
Lengua L. J., Stormshak E. A. (2000). Gender, gender roles, and personality: gender differences in the prediction of coping and psychological symptoms. Sex Roles 43, 787–820.
According to Harry A. Sultz and Kristina M. Young, the authors of our textbook Health Care USA, medical care in the United States is a $2.5 Trillion industry (xvii). This industry is so large that “the U.S. health care system is the world’s eighth
They are pawns in a First World economic strategy that hopes to wring as much cheap labor out of the women as it can, paying female workers in Mexico’s northern states an average of only four dollars a day for workdays that typically run from 7:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.. High levels of stress accountable to both working in the maquiladora itself and the lifestyle it promotes are attributed to depression, substance abuse and even physically manifested ailments. This paper will examine the different sources of stress that affect the mental health of female maquiladora workers in an attempt to understand the overall health issues of the border culture. Overview of Potential Stressors Affecting Mental Health. A great majority of Maquiladora employees are young women who have migrated to the border area from “supporting agricultural [regions]” (Cravey, 6). Migration, itself, is a complicated process which could have profound affects on the mental health of maquiladora workers.
According to The Journal of the American Medical Association, women experience clinical depression at twice the rate of men. A two to one ratio exists regardless of racial or ethnic background or economic status. The lifetime prevalence of major depression is 20-26% for women and 8-12% for men. During the Victorian era during 1837 to 1901 women were traditionally viewed as a possession and not an individual. As they held the stereotype of staying at home and dedicating themselves to feminine duties, such as cleaning and cooking, they did not play any roles in academic thinking or a worthy education.
When one examines managed health care and the hospitals that provide the care, a degree of variation is found in the treatment and care of their patients. This variation can be between hospitals or even between physicians within a health care network. For managed care companies the variation may be beneficial. This may provide them with opportunities to save money when it comes to paying for their policy holder’s care, however this large variation may also be detrimental to the insurance company. This would fall into the category of management of utilization, if hospitals and managed care organizations can control treatment utilization, they can control premium costs for both themselves and their customers (Rodwin 1996). If health care organizations can implement prevention as a way to warrant good health with their consumers, insurance companies can also illuminate unnecessary health care. These are just a few examples of how the health care industry can help benefit their patients, but that does not mean every issue involving physician over utilization or quality of care is erased because there is a management mechanism set in place.
statistics became more distressing with the increase in hours of work. Women who work more
spends about 15% of its gross domestic product on healthcare, thereby making it the largest sector of the economy” (Goldman, D., & McGlynn, E., 2005). “Americans are not healthier than some of the other developed nations, regardless of these extensive costs” (WHO, 2010). “Almost 40 million Americans are uninsured and about 18% of Americans under the age of 65 receive half of the recommended healthcare services” (Goldman, D., & McGlynn, E., 2005). “Though, quality of care was noted not to vary much in cities with respect to lack of insurance, poverty, penetration of managed care and availability of physicians and hospital beds” (Goldman, D., & McGlynn, E., 2005).
Wilkinson, R. G., & Marmot, M. G. (2003). Social determinants of health: The solid facts.
Morris, J. K., Cook, D. and Shaper, A. (1994) ‘Loss of Employment and Mortality’, British Medical Journal, 308, 1135-9.
Gavin Turrell, B. F. (1999). Socioeconomic Determinants of Health:Towards a National Research Program and a Policy and Intervention Agenda. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology.
Depression is the most common mental health disorder; it affects over 17 million American adults each year. Depression is a mood disorder characterized by at least four symptoms such as changes in sleep, appetite, weight, and psychomotor activity; decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions; or recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, thoughts or attempts. “Women are approximately two times more likely than men to suffer from major depression” (Research Agenda for Psychosocial and Behavioral Factors in Women’s Health, 1996) and it has been called the most significant mental health risk for women. Women are more likely to suffer from depression during marriage than if single, unlike men who are more likely to suffer depression when single than married, and increases with the number of children in the house (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p.317). There are many contributing factors to depression in women including but not limited to: hormonal, genetic, infertility, menopause, family responsibilities, gender roles, sexual abuse, work related issues, and financial problems. (National Institute of Mental Health, June 1999). Depression in women is mentally and physically painful but has treatment options available.
Stress is the pressure or strain from an external situation. Stress can affect a person’s life from eating habits to sleeping patterns (e.g. eating disorders, irregular sleep patterns) (Myers et al., 2012). Approximately 83% of adults believe stress is a contributor to health related issues (e.g. heart disease, depression) (The Impact of Stress). Research conducted by Myers et al. reported 70% of students were affected by one or more stressors (e.g. financial, academic, health, relationships). Females reported being more stressed than males (Lin, Spector, & Shi, 2008; Myers et al.). Most females in this study reported their biggest stre...
Current research has demonstrated that females, on average, have a larger deep limbic system than males. Due to the larger limbic brain, woman are more in touch with their feelings, they are generally better to express their feelings than men (“Male-Female Brain Differences”). Women are the primary care takers for children because of their strong ability to be connected and bond well with others. Containing a larger limbic system also leaves a female more likely to become depressed. As stated in “Male-Female Difference”, women attempt suicide three times more than men, but men actually succeed three times more than women. This h...
We will begin by observing the semantic and pragmatic features in article 1 being "Men are sulks say surveys" .This article is taken from the hot topics section of the popular msn website. The main topic of this article is a medical concept being flu/cold, where the unspecified writer of this article discusses the reaction of men, compared to women when it comes to having flu. The article also lists a number of readers' comments on the subject topic.
Newman, Constance. "Time to address gender discrimination and inequality in the health workforce." Human Resources for Health, vol. 12, no. 25, 6 May 2014, PMC. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-12-25. Accessed 4 July 2017.
Masculinity and femininity are two terms, which have been interpreted differently throughout history. Both the males and the females have responsibilities and duties but these duties differ based on one’s gender. Gender has played a prodigious role in the economy, politics, and the society. Everyone starts making interpretations of the strengths and weaknesses based on one’s gender. These interpretations are not always based on his or her ability but is usually based on his or her gender. Males tend to be judged as extremely strong and unfashionable in terms of appearance. Whereas, females are judged as expensive and very fashionable. Males and females both differ in their abilities and their enjoyments. Fashion, entertainment, and strength are three topics, which are used to define masculinity and femininity in the 21st century.