New York, London: W. W. Norton Company, 1988. Sarvan, C.P. Racism and the Heart of Darkness. 3rd Norton Critical Edition. Robert Kimbrough.
New York, Penguin Books, 1970. Works Consulted: Boyle, Ted E. Symbolism and Meaning in the Fiction of Joseph Conrad. 1965. ` Folcroft, PA; The Folcroft Press, 1969. Johnson, Bruce.
"A Defence of Poetry" The Critical Tradition. Ed., David H. Richter, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
Orwell, George. 1984. New York: The New American Library, Inc., 1961. Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. "Dystopia, 179", "Looking Backward, 323-324" Encyclopedia of Utopian Literature.
New York: Penguin Books, 1939. Lisca, Peter. John Steinbeck: Nature and Myth. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company, 1978. Steinbeck, Elaine, and Robert Wallsten.
Maynard Mack, et.al. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1992. Wicks, Ulrich. Picaresque Narrative, Picaresque Fiction. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989.
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In this novel, the character of Hester Prynne represents an early feminist hero in that she not only challenges society’s view of women during the mid-1800’s but she also takes on the male role in multiple aspects throughout the story. Although the tangibility of gender equality has progressed throughout time, the definition of feminism and the reasons behind it have long stayed the same. Throughout history, women have been deemed inferior to men and denied simple rights such as education and a political voice. In some cultures, women are presumed evil and the source of misery. In Greek mythology, for example, it was Pandora, a female, who opened the forbidden box and released plagues and devastation among mankind.
Women, whom for years were starved for control and influence in their world, suddenly could exercise power over their husbands and other men. An example of these revolutionary women can be seen in Chaucer's Alison, the Wife of Bath. The Wife of Bath, a character in The Canterbury Tales, is a lusty woman who desires nothing more than sovereignty over her husbands, and she says all women desire the same thing. In the beginning of the Middle Ages, women were labeled as a threat. Society considered all women "depraved and treacherous daughters of Eve" (Brault 41).
Lewis, C. S. Out of the Silent Planet. NY: The Macmillan Co., 1973. Moorcock, Michael. “Lost Sorceress of the Silent Citadel.” Mars Probes. Peter Crowther, ed.