Manipulation of Data Before running the regressions in STATA, the data was modified for missing observations. These were originally coded as 99999 for missing values, which would generate very incorrect coefficients and so they were replaced with a “.” to omit them from the regression. Difference in Difference For the simple difference in difference I am regressing the interaction term of post along with the fixed effect of periods and ever_treat on the dependent variable weeks to observe how these control variables affected the total number of weeks addicts worked when they were being treated compared to addicts who were not treated. Simple Difference in Difference equation: weeks_it=β_0+β_1 ever_treat_i+〖δ_t+β〗_2 post_i+u_i Explanation of variables in Equation In the equation the control ever_treat means whether or not one has been part of treatment group. It is the equivalent of the treatment group in a Difference in Difference and is used as dummy variable to separate whether the individual had ever been treated, regardless of period. It is assigned a value of one if the addict was ever treated and zero if the addict was never treated. 〖Futhermore,δ〗_t denotes the time effects or period fixed effects that accounts for overall changes between periods. This time period allows for the analysis of the means during a given time period; however, period 1 is lost due to fixed effects, so all period coefficients are in comparison to period 1 which is omitted. The variable post is the equivalent of interaction term between post and treatment and captures the effect of the treatment on the amount of weeks worked. Data Table of Regression weeks_it=β_0+β_1 ever_treat_i+〖δ_t+β〗_2 post_i+u_i (1) VARIABLES weeks ... ... middle of paper ... ...observed in the data because when analyzing the means of the variables there exists an inherit difference in the levels of education between those in the control group vs. those who were treated. In the control group the mean education level was 10.8 years while those addicts who were treated had a mean education level of 12.1 years. As can be seen in the previous table the coefficient of educ is 0.715, which is positive, and so has a positive effect on the amount of weeks worked by addicts who were in the treatment program. This difference in education levels could have compounded the effect of the treatment (post) making it seem more effective than it actually was. As Displayed in the following tables the majority of the variables’ means were extremely similar and so unbiased, yet the one variable that displays bias in favor of the treatment group is education.
This is especially useful to find out exactly which of the month group is significantly different from each other. Data which are not significantly different from each other are written in the same column, while different column means that they have a difference. Thus it is obtained that 2-months and 4-months group are not significantly different from each other. The same is true for 4-months and 6-months group. The significant difference is between 2-months and 6-months group. However, even if the groups are listed in the same column, there are still differences in the of hyperplasia in each group. The post hoc method also analyzes the value of in each group. From the analysis, there is an increase of hyerplasia foci from 2-months until 6-months
However, Dale Stephen should have taken an alternative route by explaining the other side, which highlights how completing college and obtaining a degree can lead to success and a well-paying job. If Dale had used evidence and opinions from other sources, readers would be more likely to believe his point and investigate further. It is shocking that the article was published because Dale merely complains that college is a waste of time and not beneficial to anyone.
...dividual from moving on to the next cycle of change whether it’s a relapse or behavior change. The professional must understand that before any change can become truly established it will be with time, dedication and determination is required for success in positive outcomes to occur. One thing is understood that all models are incorporated into many concepts to fit the individual’s needs emotionally to promote stability in the addiction itself depending the facility that is utilizing the stages of change model.
There are thousands of people in the United States that are addicted to cocaine and are left untreated. Many of them are at risk of severe health problems. I am conducting this research paper to compare and contrast the differences between the effectiveness of drug courts and cognitive behavioral therapy for cocaine addicts. We know that all people respond differently to therapy than others do, but it is good to be able to find the effectiveness and success rate of cognitive-behavioral therapy, and drug courts overall. But before we jump into the effectiveness of CBT, we need to know what the goal of CBT is and what the process is for CBT. Not only do we need to know the effectiveness and success rates of these two, but we also need to know the differences. We need to know the different paths that they take and how those different paths translate into success. Last but not least, we need to know what the best overall option is for clients. Every client is going to be different, but looking at drug courts and cognitive-behavioral therapy as a whole, figuring out the most successful treatment is the most important question to answer. Drug courts or cognitive-behavioral therapy is going to benefit the individual regardless; any sort of help is better than no help at all. We know that people react differently from these two treatments, but finding the overall best treatment is what we are looking to figure out.
Then there was a total of 30 Pixy Stix. The test subjects were each given 3 Pixy Stix and a paper that gave instructions and for them to record results. First, the test subjects recorded their mood 1-5. Next, they ate the Pixy Stix and waited 30 minutes. During those 30 minutes the test subjects did not consume any food. After the 30 minutes was up, the test subjects recorded their mood. The test subjects did this a total of 3 times to complete the 3 trials needed for the experimental group. For the control group, the same 10 test subjects were used. They recorded their mood 1-5 and waited 30 minutes. During this 30 minutes they did not consume anything at all. After the 30 minutes was up they, recorded their mood
If a study is confounded, the researcher is not absolutely certain that changes in the dependent variable were caused by the manipulation of the independent variable, or some other uncontrolled variable. In a non-equivalent control group post-test only design, any differences observed between the two classes may be due to the non-equivalence of the groups and not to the injection of quizzes. No pre-test measures were given to establish equivalence.
In the PACC model, the practitioner encourages the client to be part of the treatment plan and this ensures that the recovery process is properly monitored. In the client model, the treatment process is dependent on the assessment procedure. All the three models use both qualitative and quantitative methods to derive their assessment information. This revolves around conducting interviews that are meant to generate as much information about the clients as well as making quantitative analyses from past data (Cowger, 1994). In the PACC and pers...
...ives from the implementation of an empathic, hopeful continuous treatment relationship, which provides integrated treatment and coordination of care through the course of multiple treatment episodes” (Watkins, 2015). Whether, confronted with a substance use disorder, gambling or sex addiction the way in which a counselor work with the client in an open helpful manner is the key to motivating the client to change their behaviors. “A man convinced against his will, Is of the same opinion still” (Carnegie, 1981). The most piece of the helping relationship is that the client is the lead in their care, as they are the ones that will be making the decisions for their care. A counselor is essentially a trained skillful teacher that guides an individual toward their best recovery options and it is up to the individual to make the needed changes in their life and behaviors.
The major variables studied included the dependent variable of the intervention of the individuals and the independent variable of presumed negative
The information gained may support or yield opposite results based on predictions being tested. My independent variable would be time and the dependent one would be the enzyme pectinase. I believe the key feature of my experimentation is the control of most factors so that the influence of a single factor can be seen clearly.
...internalized by those who identify with the drug-users subculture, and especially by individuals addicted to their drug of choice, who begin to believe in the stigmas and stereotypes placed on them; trapping them into the mindset and subculture of addiction, without the confidence, support and dignity to try to re-enter into a society who considers them worthless anyway. So, although pushing addicts into treatment may be more harmful in the long run, not offering harm-reduction and/or treatment opportunities at all, will only facilitate addicts’ continued usage of drugs. Not offering treatment or rehabilitation opportunities for addicts, only leads to addicts’ deeper internalization of the addict stereotype the belief that they are ‘undeserving losers’, ‘failures’, and ‘social-rejects’. Consequently creating the inevitable cycle of drug abuse, treatment and relapse.
...ment. When they modified the treatment they hinder the ability to identify the effective parts of this treatment. According to De Leon 2000 this treatment model recommends hiring recovering addicts and ex-felons (Cook, J. (2008). This has been challenge for the TC program, because of the policies and procedues in the prison institutions. They trained inmates with good behavior to take place of the ex-felons and recovering addicts. The TC program has four phases with the phases running from orientation where they learn the program rules. The second phase is where they learn how to cope with everyday problems. Third phase is where they learn life skills and violence substitutes. The fourth and final phase is where they get the inmates ready for release through with groups like education and employment.
This article is about a longitudinal study, but only focuses on the last two (of three) experiments which were spaced 6 months apart.
...ibition and control in "real life." Finally the sample sizes have been criticised, as have the ways in which the experimental and control groups were matched, making it impossible to know to what extent the differences observed reflected real differences between the different groups.
Therefore, when I work with substance abusers I will show empathy, encourage and validate their successes and their feelings about any failures. In addiction, I will help the person learn from their failures and normalize the situation. Furthermore, I would attempt to ensure that the person had several coping strategies in place, to help when he or she finds themselves in a difficult situation. Moreover, I intend to ensure the client has all the tools he or she needs to succeed while getting to the root of their problem through counseling.